Plant Physiology and Ecology （植物生理生态学）

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目录
- 前辅文
- CHAPTER I
  - 1. Fundamental Relations
  - 2. The Nature of Stimuli
  - 3. The Kinds of Stimuli
  - 4. The Nature of Response
  - 5. Adjustment and Adaptation
  - 6. Kinds of Adjustment
  - 7. Normal and Abnormal Adjustment
- CHAPTER II THE WATER OF THE HABITAT
  - 8. Relation of the Plant to Water
  - 9. The Nature of Water Stimuli
  - 10. Water Content
  - 11. Influence of other Factors upon Water Content
  - 12. Available and Non-available Water Content
  - 13. Soil Samples
  - 14. Computation of Water Content
  - 15. Time of Water Content Readings
  - 16. Location of Readings
  - 17. Depth of Samples
    - Experiment 1. Measurement of Water Content
  - 18. The Determination of Available Water
  - 19. Chresard of Habitats
    - Experiment 2. Determination of Available Water
  - 20. Influence of Soil upon Water Content
  - 21. Origin and Structure
  - 22. Water Capacity
  - 23. Chemical Nature of Soils
  - 24. Air Content
  - 25. Determination of Soil Properties
    - Experiment 3. Porosity and Rate of Evaporation
  - 26. Influence of Precipitation upon Water Content
  - 27. Measurement of Rainfall
  - 28. Physiography
  - 29. The Influence of Slope
  - 30. The Influence of Surface
  - 31. The Influence of Climatic Factors
  - 32. Humidity
  - 33. Modifying Influence of Temperature and Wind
  - 34. Influence of Pressure and Physiographic Factors
  - 35. Effect of Climate and Habitat
  - 36. Measurement of Humidity
  - 37. Sling and Cog Psychrometers
  - 38. Making a Reading
  - 39. Use of Humidity Tables
    - Experiment 4. Measuring Humidity
  - 40. Method of Habitat Study
  - 41. Choice of Stations
  - 42. Constant Factors
  - 43. Simultaneous Readings
  - 44. Point and Hour Readings
  - 45. Records
  - 46. Kinds of Curves
  - 47. Combinations of Curves
  - 48. Plotting Curves
  - 49. Intervals for the Different Factors
    - Experiment 5. Determining the Physical Factors of Habitats
- CHAPTER III ADJUSTMENT TO WATER
  - 50. Responses to Water Stimuli
  - 51. General Relations
  - 52. The Form of Roots
  - 53. Primary Regions of the Root
  - 54. Detailed Structure
  - 55. Origin and Structure of Root-hairs
  - 56. Effect of Water Content upon Root-hairs and Roots
    - Experiment 6. Structure of the Root and Formation of Root-hairs
    - Experiment 7. Hydrotropism
  - 57. Imbibition
    - Experiment 8. Water of Imbibition
  - 58. Osmosis
  - 59. Osmosis in Root-hairs
  - 60. Influence of Soluble Salts
    - Experiment 9. Demonstration of Osmosis
    - Experiment 10. The Effect of Soluble Salts
  - 61. Effect of Protoplasm upon the Absorption of Soluble Salts
  - 62. Diffusion
    - Experiment 11. Diffusion in Liquids and in Tissues
  - 63. Turgidity
    - Experiment 12. Demonstration of Turgidity
  - 64. General Nature
  - 65. Types of Stem Structure
  - 66. Stem Structure of an Herbaceous Dicotyledon
  - 67. Stems of Monocotyledons
  - 68. Structure of Woody Stems
  - 69. Functions of the Stem
    - Experiment 13. Structure of Stems
  - 70. The Upward Movement of the Water
  - 71. Causes of the Movement
    - Experiment 14. Pathway and Rate of Movement
  - 72. The Structure of a Representative Leaf
  - 73. The Chlorenchym
  - 74. The Reduced Bundles
    - Experiment 15. Structure of a Leaf
  - 75. Diffusion in the Leaf
  - 76. Transpiring Surface
    - Experiment 16. Measurement of the Actual Transpiring Surface.
  - 77. Structure and Position of Stomata
  - 78. The Functions of Stomata
  - 79. Movements of Guard-cells
    - Experiment 17. Movement of Guard-cells
    - Experiment 18. Position of Stomata and Water Loss
  - 80. The Influence of Physical Factors upon Transpiration
  - 81. The Measurement of Transpiration
  - 82. Measuring Transpiration in the Field
    - Experiment 19. Influence of Factors upon the Rate of Transpiration
  - 83. The Amount of Transpiration in Plants
  - 84. Relation between Transpiration and Absorption
  - 85. Compensation for Increased Transpiration
  - 86. Details of the Adjustment
    - Experiment 20. Pathway of Adjustment
- CHAPTER IV ADJUSTMENT TO LIGHT
  - 87. Relation of the Plant to Light
  - 88. The Nature of Light Stimuli
  - 89. Measurement of Light
  - 90. Making a Standard
  - 91. Making Readings
  - 92. Comparison with the Standard
  - 93. Causes of Variation in Light Intensity
  - 94. The Effect of Time
  - 95. The Effect of Altitude
    - Experiment 21. Measuring Light Intensity
  - 96. Reception and Absorption of Light
  - 97. The Amount Absorbed
    - Experiment 22. Epidermis and Leaf Prints
  - 98. The Production of Chlorophyll
  - 99. The Nature of Chlorophyll
  - 100. The Influence of Darkness
    - Experiment 23. Influence of Light and Darkness
  - 101. Photosynthesis
  - 102. Absorption and Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide
  - 103. Chemical Changes during Photosynthesis
    - Experiment 24. Dependence of Photosynthesis upon Aeration and Light
  - 104. Measurement of Photosynthesis
    - Experiment 25. Relation of Photosynthesis to Sun and Shade
  - 105. Translocation
    - Experiment 26. Translocation
  - 106. Storage of Food Material
    - Experiment 27. Storage Tissues
  - 107. Influence of Light upon the Number and Position of Chloroplasts
    - Experiment 28. Arrangement of Chloroplasts
  - 108. Movement of Stems and Leaves
  - 109. Phototropism
    - Experiment 29. Phototropic Movements
  - 110. Nyctotropism
    - Experiment 30. Nyctotropic Movements
- CHAPTER V ADJUSTMENT TO TEMPERATURE
  - 111. Relations of Plante to Temperature
  - 112. The Measurement of Temperature
  - 113. Soil Temperatures
  - 114. Plant Temperatures
    - Experiment 31. Temperatures of Plant and Habitat
  - 115. Variations of Temperature
  - 116. The Influence of Other Factors
  - 117. Favorable and Unfavorable Temperatures
  - 118. Freezing
    - Experiment 32. Effects of Freezing
  - 119. The Sum of Temperatures
  - 120. Influence upon Vegetation
  - 121. Digestion
  - 122. Chemosynthesis of Digested Materials
  - 123. Respiration
  - 124. Fermentation
  - 125. Germination
    - Experiment 33. Digestion and Respiration in Seeds
  - 126. Nutrition of Hysterophytes
  - 127. Kinds of Parasites
    - Experiment 34. Nutrition of Representative Hysterophytes
  - 128. Growth
  - 129. Growth of Tissues and Organs
    - Experiment 35. Regions of Growth
  - 130. Conditions that Influence Growth
  - 131. The Amount and Rate of Growth
  - 132. Regions of Greatest Growth in Various Organs
    - Experiment 36. Influence of Temperature, Water and Light upon Regions of Growth
  - 133. Rhythm of Growth
  - 134. The Age of a Plant
  - 135. Reproduction
  - 136. Propagation
  - 137. Propagules of Flowering Plants
  - 138. Stems as Propagules
    - Experiment 37. Propagules
  - 139. Sexual Reproduction
  - 140. Production of Pollen
    - Experiment 38. Amount of Pollen
  - 141. Protection of Pollen
  - 142. Structural Protection
  - 143. Protection by Movement
  - 144. Seasonal Protection
    - Experiment 39. Protection of Pollen
  - 145. Disposition of the Stamens and Pistils
    - Experiment 40. Grouping of Stamens and Pistils
  - 146. Source and Destination of Pollen
  - 147. Cross-pollination
  - 148. Pollination by Insects
  - 149. Self-pollination
    - Experiment 41. Pollination
  - 150. The Period of Flowering
  - 151. Time of Daily Flowering
    - Experiment 42. Time of Flowering
  - 152. Fructification
  - 153. Fleshy Fruits
  - 154. Dry Fruits
  - 155. Movements of Fruits
    - Experiment 43. Kinds of Fruits
- CHAPTER VI ADJUSTMENT TO GRAVITY, CONTACT AND SHOCK
  - 156. The Relation of the Plant to Gravity
  - 157. Geotropism
  - 158. Cause and Reaction
  - 159. Region of Curvature
  - 160. Ecological Significance of Geotropism
    - Experiment 44. Geotropism
  - 161. Response to Contact
    - Experiment 45. The Behavior of Tendrils
  - 162. Response to Shock
    - Experiment 46. Response to Shock
- CHAPTER VII ADAPTATION TO WATER
  - 163. The Relation of Structures to Water
  - 164. Adaptation to a Small Water Supply
  - 165. Decrease of Water Loss through Leaf Position
  - 166. Decrease through the Rolling of the Leaf
  - 167. Reduction of Leaf or Stem
  - 168. Changes of the Epidermal Cells
  - 169. Modifications of the Stomata
  - 170. Changes in the Chlorenchym
  - 171. Increase and Storage of Water Supply
  - 172. Adaptation to Excessive Water Supply
    - Experiment 47. Experimental Adaptation to Water
  - 173. Types of Plant Body
  - 174. Types Produced by Adaptation to Water
  - 175. General Features of Xerophytes
  - 176. Types of Leaf Xerophytes
  - 177. Normal Leaf Xerophytes
  - 178. Storage Leaves
  - 179. Lanate Leaves
    - Experiment 48. Study of Normal Leaf Xerophytes
  - 180. Other Leaf Xerophytes
    - Experiment 49. Study of Xerophytic Leaves
  - 181. Stem Xerophytes
  - 182. Types of Stem Xerophytes
    - Experiment 50. Form and Structure of Stem Xerophytes
  - 183. Mesophytes
    - Experiment 51. Comparison of Mesophyte and Xerophyte
  - 184. Hydrophytes
  - 185. Amphibious Plants
    - Experiment 52. Structure of Amphibious Plants
  - 186. Floating Plants
    - Experiment 53. Structure of Floating Plants
  - 187. Submerged Plants
    - Experiment 54. Structure of Submerged Plants
  - 188. Bog Plants
    - Experiment 55. Study of Water-Content Types
- CHAPTER VIII ADAPTATION TO LIGHT
  - 189. The Relation of Organs to Light
  - 190. Influence of the Chloroplasts
  - 191. Modifications of the Chlorenchym
  - 192. Sponge Tissue
  - 193. Palisade Tissue
  - 194. Changes of the Epidermis
  - 195. The Form of Leaves
  - 196. Changes of Outline, Size and Thickness
  - 197. The Form of Stems
    - Experiment 56. The Production of Adaptations to Light
  - 198. Types of Leaves as Determined by Light
  - 199. Sun Plants and Shade Plants
    - Experiment 57. Sun and Shade Forms in Nature
- CHAPTER IX THE ORIGIN OF NEW FORMS
  - 200. The Law of Evolution
  - 201. Stability and Plasticity
  - 202. Constant and Inconstant Forms
  - 203. Origin by Descent before Darwin
  - 204. Darwin and the Origin of Species
  - 205. Evolution after Darwin
  - 206. Fundamental Methods of Evolution
  - 207. Origin by Adaptation
  - 208. Origin by Variation
  - 209. Origin by Mutation
  - 210. Origin by Hybridation
    - Experiment 58. The Occurrence of New Forms in Nature
  - 211. Natural Selection
  - 212. Isolation
  - 213. Polygenesis
  - 214. Experimental Evolution
- CHAPTER X METHODS OF STUDYING VEGETATION
  - 215. The Study of Vegetation
  - 216. The Quadrat
  - 217. Kinds of Quadrats
  - 218. Marking out Quadrats
  - 219. The List Quadrat
  - 220. Abundance
  - 221. The Chart Quadrat
  - 222. Making Quadrat Charts
  - 223. The Permanent Quadrat
  - 224. The Denuded Quadrat
  - 225. Transects
  - 226. The Line Transect
  - 227. The Belt Transect
  - 228. The Migration Circle
  - 229. Formation Maps
- CHAPTER XI THE PLANT FORMATION
  - 230. The Nature of Formations
  - 231. Recognition of Formations
  - 232. Relation between Habitat and Formation
  - 233. The Historical Factor
  - 234. Development and Structure
  - 235. Structure of the Formation
  - 236. Facies
  - 237. Principal and Secondary Species
  - 238. Aspects
    - Experiment 59. Study of Abundance and of Aspects
  - 239. The Parts of a Formation: the Consocies
  - 240. The Society
  - 241. The Community
  - 242. The Family
    - Experiment 60. The Structure of a Formation
  - 243. Layers
    - Experiment 61. Layered Formations
  - 244. Classification
  - 245. Classification by Habitats
  - 246. Types of Formations
  - 247. Developmental or Physiographic Classification
  - 248. Regional Classification
  - 249. Open and Closed Formations
  - 250. Mixed Formations
    - Experiment 62. Comparison of Formations
- CHAPTER XII AGGREGATION AND MIGRATION
  - 251. Aggregation
  - 252. Simple Aggregation
  - 253. Mixed Aggregation
  - Experiment 63. Study of Families and Communities
  - 254. Migration
  - 255. Mobility
  - 256. Organs of Dissemination
  - 257. Modifications for Migration
  - 258. Influence of Seed Production
  - 259. Position of Disseminules
  - 260. The Agents of Migration
  - 261. The Work of Migration Agents
    - Experiment 64. Modifications for Migration
  - 262. The Direction of Migration
    - Experiment 65. Amount and Direction of Migration
- CHAPTER XIII COMPETITION AND ECESIS
  - 263. Competition
  - 264. The Struggle for Existence
  - 265. The Nature of Competition
  - 266. The Factors Involved
  - 267. Competition for Water and Light
  - 268. Competition between Parents and Offspring
  - 269. Competition between Different Species
  - 270. Influence of Vegetation Form and Habitat Form
  - 271. The Effect of Position
  - 272. Vegetation Pressure
  - 273. The Results of Competition
  - 274. The Study of Competition
  - 275. Competition Cultures
  - 276. Competition Quadrats
    - Experiment 66. Competition
  - 277. Ecesis
  - 278. The Factors in Ecesis
  - 279. Germination of the Seed
  - 280. The Effect of Habitat
  - 281. Adjustment to the Habitat
    - Experiment 67. Influence of Habitat Form upon Ecesis
  - 282. Barriers
  - 283. Physical and Biological Barriers
  - 284. Influence of Barriers
  - 285. Distance
  - 286. Endemism
    - Experiment 68. Barriers and Endemism
- CHAPTER XIV INVASION AND SUCCESSION
  - 287. Invasion
  - 288. The Manner of Invasion
  - 289. Invasion at Different Levels
  - 290. Kinds of Invasion
  - 291. Indigenous and Derived Species
    - Experiment 69. Invasion
  - 292. Succession
  - 293. Kinds of Succession
  - 294. Primary Successions
  - 295. Succession in Colluvial Soils
  - 296. Succession in Alluvial Soils
  - 297. Succession in {\AEolian Soils
  - 298. Secondary Successions
  - 299. Succession in Eroded Soils
  - 300. Succession in Flooded Soils
  - 301. Succession Due to Man
  - 302. Succession in Burned Areas
  - 303. Succession in Lumbered Areas
  - 304. Succession by Cultivation
  - 305. Reactions of Plants upon the Habitat
  - 306. The Laws of Succession
  - 307. The Study of Succession
  - 308. Method of Alternating Stages
  - 309. The Relict Method
    - Experiment 70. The Study of a Secondary Succession
- CHAPTER XV ALTERNATION AND ZONATION
  - 310. The Relation between Alternation and Zonation
  - 311. Alternation
  - 312. Causes of Alternation
  - 313. Alternation Due to Ecesis
  - 314. Alternation Due to Competition
  - 315. Kinds of Alternation
  - 316. Normal Alternation of Formations, Consocies, etc
  - 317. Normal Alternation of Species
  - 318. Numerical Alternation
  - 319. Corresponsive Alternation
    - Experiment 71. Alternation of Species
  - 320. Zonation
  - 321. Zones Due to Growth
  - 322. Zones Due to Migration and Ecesis
  - 323. Zones Due to Reaction
  - 324. Zones Due to Physical Factors
  - 325. Physiographic Symmetry
  - 326. Symmetry in Vegetation
  - 327. Kinds of Zonation
  - 328. Radial Zonation
  - 329. Bilateral Zonation
  - 330. Vertical Zonation
  - 331. Vegetation Zones
    - Experiment 72. Zonation of Pond and Meadow Formations
- INDEX

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Plant Physiology and Ecology （植物生理生态学）

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