本书是LGWade和JWSimek编写的Organic Chemistry (Ninth Edition) 的改编版,是根据教育部关于高等学校本科教学质量工程要重视双语教学的文件精神,选择国外优秀英文原版有机化学教材,结合双语教学的实践经验改编而成的双语教材。全书共26章,涵盖内容与国内高等学校化学、化工类有机化学教材基本一致,包括有机化学概论、有机化合物命名、立体化学、结构表征、烃及卤代烃、含氧化合物、含氮化合物、天然有机化合物等内容。每章后有中文概要,书后附有索引。
本书可作为化学化工专业的有机化学双语教材,亦可作为其他相关专业的教学参考书,可使学生在学习有机化学基础知识的同时提高专业英语水平。
- 前辅文
- Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding
- Goals for Chapter 1
- 1-1 The Origins of Organic Chemistry
- 1-2 Principles of Atomic Structure
- 1-3 Bond Formation: The Octet Rule
- 1-4 Lewis Structures
- 1-5 Multiple Bonding
- 1-6 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
- 1-7 Formal Charges
- 1-8 Ionic Structures
- 1-9 Resonance
- 1-10 Structural Formulas
- 1-11 Molecular Formulas and Empirical Formulas
- 1-12 Wave Properties of Electrons in Orbitals
- 1-13 Molecular Orbitals
- 1-14 Pi Bonding
- 1-15 Hybridization and Molecular Shapes
- 1-16 Drawing ThreeDimensional Molecules
- 1-17 General Rules of Hybridization and Geometry
- 1-18 Bond Rotation
- 1-19 Isomerism
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 2 Acids and Bases
- Goals for Chapter 2
- 2-1 Polarity of Bonds and Molecules
- 2-2 Intermolecular Forces
- 2-3 Polarity Effects on Solubilities
- 2-4 Arrhenius Acids and Bases
- 2-5 BrnstedLowry Acids and Bases
- 2-6 Strengths of Acids and Bases
- 2-7 Equilibrium Positions of AcidBase Reactions
- 2-8 Solvent Effects on Acidity and Basicity
- 2-9 Effects of Size and Electronegativity on Acidity
- 2-10 Inductive Effects on Acidity
- 2-11 Hybridization Effects on Acidity
- 2-12 Resonance Effects on Acidity and Basicity
- 2-13 Lewis Acids and Bases
- 2-14 The CurvedArrow Formalism
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 3 Functional Groups and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
- Goals for Chapter 3
- 3-1 Hydrocarbons
- 3-2 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen
- 3-3 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- 3-4 Nomenclature of Alkanes
- 3-5 Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
- 3-6 Nomenclature of Alkenes
- 3-7 Nomenclature of Alkynes
- 3-8 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
- 3-9 Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
- 3-10 Nomenclature of Alcohols,Phenols and Thiols
- 3-11 Nomenclature of Ethers and Sulfides
- 3-12 Nomenclature of Amines
- 3-13 Nomenclature of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 3-14 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- 3-15 Structure and Nomenclature of Acid Derivatives
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 4 Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes
- Goals for Chapter 4
- 4-1 Physical Properties of Alkanes
- 4-2 Uses and Sources of Alkanes
- 4-3 Reactions of Alkanes
- 4-4 Structure and Conformations of Alkanes
- 4-5 Physical Properties and Stabilities of Cycloalkanes
- 4-6 Cyclohexane Conformations
- 4-7 Conformations of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
- 4-8 Conformations of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
- 4-9 Decalin Conformations
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 5 The Study of Chemical Reactions
- Goals for Chapter 5
- 5-1 Introduction
- 5-2 Chlorination of Methane
- 5-3 The FreeRadical Chain Reaction
- 5-4 Equilibrium Constants and Free Energy
- 5-5 Enthalpy and Entropy
- 5-6 BondDissociation Enthalpies
- 5-7 Enthalpy Changes in Chlorination
- 5-8 Kinetics and the Rate Equation
- 5-9 Activation Energy and the Temperature Dependence of Rates
- 5-10 Transition States
- 5-11 Rates of Multistep Reactions
- 5-12 Temperature Dependence of Halogenation
- 5-13 Selectivity in Halogenation
- 5-14 Hammond’s Postulate
- 5-15 Radical Inhibitors
- 5-16 Reactive Intermediates
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 6 Stereochemistry
- Goals for Chapter 6
- 6-1 Introduction
- 6-2 Chirality
- 6-3 (R) and (S) Nomenclature of Asymmetric Carbon Atoms
- 6-4 Optical Activity
- 6-5 Biological Discrimination of Enantiomers
- 6-6 Racemic Mixtures
- 6-7 Enantiomeric Excess and Optical Purity
- 6-8 Chirality of Conformationally Mobile Systems
- 6-9 Chiral Compounds without Asymmetric Atoms
- 6-10 Fischer Projections
- 6-11 Diastereomers
- 6-12 Stereochemistry of Molecules with Two or More Asymmetric Carbons
- 6-13 Meso Compounds
- 6-14 Absolute and Relative Configuration
- 6-15 Physical Properties of Diastereomers
- 6-16 Resolution of Enantiomers
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 7 Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination
- Goals for Chapter 7
- 7-1 Introduction
- 7-2 Common Uses of Alkyl Halides
- 7-3 Structure of Alkyl Halides
- 7-4 Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides
- 7-5 Preparation of Alkyl Halides
- 7-6 Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Substitution and Elimination
- 7-7 Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN2 Reaction
- 7-8 Generality of the SN2 Reaction
- 7-9 Factors Affecting SN2 Reactions: Strength of the Nucleophile
- 7-10 Reactivity of the Substrate in SN2 Reactions
- 7-11 Stereochemistry of the SN2 Reaction
- 7-12 Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN1 Reaction
- 7-13 Stereochemistry of the SN1 Reaction
- 7-14 Rearrangements in SN1 Reactions
- 7-15 Comparison of SN1 and SN2 Reactions
- 7-16 Elimination:E1 and E2 Reaction
- 7-17 Unimolecular Elimination:The E1 Reaction
- 7-18 Positional Orientation of Elimination: Zaitsevs Rule
- 7-19 Bimolecular Elimination: The E2 Reaction
- 7-20 Bulky Bases in E2 Eliminations
- 7-21 Stereochemistry of the E2 Reaction
- 7-22 E2 Reactions in Cyclohexane Systems
- 7-23 Comparison of E1 and E2 Elimination Mechanisms
- 7-24 Competition Between Substitutions and Eliminations
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 8 Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes
- Goals for Chapter 8
- 8-1 Introduction
- 8-2 The Orbital Description of the Alkene Double Bond
- 8-3 Elements of Unsaturation
- 8-4 Commercial Importance of Alkenes
- 8-5 Physical Properties of Alkenes
- 8-6 Stability of Alkenes
- 8-7 Alkene Synthesis by Elimination of Alkyl Halides
- 8-8 Alkene Synthesis by Dehydration of Alcohols
- 8-9 Alkene Synthesis by HighTemperature Industrial Methods
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 9 Reactions of Alkenes
- Goals for Chapter 9
- 9-1 Reactivity of the CarbonCarbon Double Bond
- 9-2 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
- 9-3 Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes
- 9-4 Addition of Water: Hydration of Alkenes
- 9-5 Hydration by OxymercurationDemercuration
- 9-6 AlkoxymercurationDemercuration
- 9-7 Hydroboration of Alkenes
- 9-8 Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
- 9-9 Formation of Halohydrins
- 9-10 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
- 9-11 Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes
- 9-12 Epoxidation of Alkenes
- 9-13 AcidCatalyzed Opening of Epoxides
- 9-14 Syn Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
- 9-15 Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes
- 9-16 Polymerization of Alkenes
- 9-17 Olefin Metathesis
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 10 Alkynes
- Goals for Chapter 10
- 10-1 Introduction
- 10-2 Physical Properties of Alkynes
- 10-3 Commercial Importance of Alkynes
- 10-4 Electronic Structure of Alkynes
- 10-5 Acidity of Alkynes: Formation of Acetylide Ions
- 10-6 Synthesis of Alkynes from Acetylides
- 10-7 Synthesis of Alkynes by Elimination Reactions
- 10-8 Addition Reactions of Alkynes
- 10-9 Oxidation of Alkynes
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 11 Conjugated Systems and OrbitalSymmetry
- Goals for Chapter 11
- 11-1 Stabilities of Dienes
- 11-2 Molecular Orbital Picture of a Conjugated System
- 11-3 Allylic Cations
- 11-4 1,2 and 1,4Addition to Conjugated Dienes
- 11-5 Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control in the Addition of HBr to Buta1,3diene
- 11-6 Allylic Radicals
- 11-7 Molecular Orbitals of the Allylic System
- 11-8 Electronic Configurations of the Allyl Radical, Cation, and Anion
- 11-9 SN2 Displacement Reactions of Allylic Halides and Tosylates
- 11-10 The DielsAlder Reaction
- 11-11 The DielsAlder as an Example of a Pericyclic Reaction
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 12 Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
- Goals for Chapter 12
- 12-1 Introduction
- 12-2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- 12-3 The Infrared Region
- 12-4 Molecular Vibrations
- 12-5 IRActive and IRInactive Vibrations
- 12-6 Measurement of the IR Spectrum
- 12-7 Infrared Spectroscopy of Hydrocarbons
- 12-8 Characteristic Absorptions of Alcohols and Amines
- 12-9 Characteristic Absorptions of Carbonyl Compounds
- 12-10 Characteristic Absorptions of C—N Bonds
- 12-11 Simplified Summary of IR Stretching Frequencies
- 12-12 Reading and Interpreting IR Spectra
- 12-13 Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy
- 12-14 Interpreting UVVisible Spectra
- 12-15 Colored Organic Compounds
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
- Goals for Chapter 13
- 13-1 Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- 13-2 Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- 13-3 Magnetic Shielding by Electrons
- 13-4 The NMR Spectrometer
- 13-5 The Chemical Shift
- 13-6 The Number of Signals
- 13-7 Areas of the Peaks
- 13-8 SpinSpin Splitting
- 13-9 Carbon13 NMR Spectroscopy
- 13-10 Interpreting Carbon NMR Spectra
- 13-11 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
- 13-12 Determination of the Molecular Formula by Mass Spectrometry
- 13-13 Fragmentation Patterns in Mass Spectrometry
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 14 Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols
- Goals for Chapter 14
- 14-1 Introduction
- 14-2 Structure and Classification of Alcohols
- 14-3 Physical Properties of Alcohols
- 14-4 Commercially Important Alcohols
- 14-5 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
- 14-6 Organometallic Reagents for Alcohol Synthesis
- 14-7 Reactions of Organometallic Compounds
- 14-8 Side Reactions of Organometallic Reagents: Reduction of Alkyl Halides
- 14-9 Reduction of the Carbonyl Group: Synthesis of 1° and 2° Alcohols
- 14-10 Thiols (Mercaptans)
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 15 Reactions of Alcohols
- Goals for Chapter 15
- 15-1 Oxidation States of Alcohols and Related Functional Groups
- 15-2 Oxidation of Alcohols
- 15-3 Additional Methods for Oxidizing Alcohols
- 15-4 Alcohols as Nucleophiles and Electrophiles
- 15-5 Reduction of Alcohols
- 15-6 Reactions of Alcohols with Hydrohalic Acids
- 15-7 Reactions of Alcohols with Phosphorus Halides
- 15-8 Reactions of Alcohols with Thionyl Chloride
- 15-9 Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols
- 15-10 Unique Reactions of Diols
- 15-11 Esterification of Alcohols
- 15-12 Reactions of Alkoxides
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 16 Ethers,Epoxides,and Thioethers
- Goals for Chapter 16
- 16-1 Introduction
- 16-2 Physical Properties of Ethers
- 16-3 Spectroscopy of Ethers
- 16-4 Synthesis of Ethers
- 16-5 Cleavage of Ethers by HBr and HI
- 16-6 Autoxidation of Ethers
- 16-7 Synthesis of Epoxides
- 16-8 AcidCatalyzed Ring Opening of Epoxides
- 16-9 BaseCatalyzed Ring Opening of Epoxides
- 16-10 Orientation of Epoxide Ring Opening
- 16-11 Reactions of Epoxides with Grignard and Organolithium Reagents
- 16-12 Epoxy Resins: The Advent of Modern Glues
- 16-13 Thioethers (Sulfides) and Silyl Ethers
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 17 Aromatic Compounds
- Goals for Chapter 17
- 17-1 Introduction: The Discovery of Benzene
- 17-2 The Structure and Properties of Benzene
- 17-3 The Molecular Orbital Picture of Benzene
- 17-4 Aromatic, Antiaromatic, and Nonaromatic Compounds
- 17-5 Hückels Rule
- 17-6 Molecular Orbital Derivation of Hückels Rule
- 17-7 Aromatic lons
- 17-8 Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
- 17-9 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- 17-10 Aromatic Allotropes of Carbon
- 17-11 Fused Heterocyclic Compounds
- 17-12 Physical Properties of Benzene and Its Derivatives
- 17-13 Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 18 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
- Goals for Chapter 18
- 18-1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- 18-2 Halogenation of Benzene
- 18-3 Nitration of Benzene
- 18-4 Sulfonation of Benzene
- 18-5 Nitration of Toluene: The Effect of Alkyl Substitution
- 18-6 Activating, Ortho, ParaDirecting Substituents
- 18-7 Deactivating, MetaDirecting Substituents
- 18-8 Halogen Substituents: Deactivating, but Ortho, ParaDirecting
- 18-9 Effects of Multiple Substituents on Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- 18-10 The FriedelCrafts Alkylation
- 18-11 The FriedelCrafts Acylation
- 18-12 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
- 18-13 Aromatic Substitutions Using Organometallic Reagents
- 18-14 Addition Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
- 18-15 SideChain Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
- 18-16 Reactions of Phenols
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 19 Ketones and Aldehydes
- Goals for Chapter 19
- 19-1 Carbonyl Compounds
- 19-2 Structure of the Carbonyl Group
- 19-3 Physical Properties of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 19-4 Spectroscopy of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 19-5 Industrial Importance of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 19-6 Review of Syntheses of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 19-7 Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes: Nucleophilic Addition
- 19-8 Hydration of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 19-9 Formation of Acetals
- 19-10 Formation of Cyanohydrins
- 19-11 Formation of Imines
- 19-12 Condensations with Hydroxylamine and Hydrazines
- 19-13 The Wittig Reaction
- 19-14 Oxidation of Aldehydes
- 19-15 Reductions of Ketones and Aldehydes
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 20 Amines
- Goals for Chapter 20
- 20-1 Introduction
- 20-2 Structure of Amines
- 20-3 Physical Properties of Amines
- 20-4 Basicity of Amines
- 20-5 Factors that Affect Amine Basicity
- 20-6 Salts of Amines
- 20-7 Amine Salts as PhaseTransfer Catalysts
- 20-8 Spectroscopy of Amines
- 20-9 Aromatic Substitution of Arylamines and Pyridine
- 20-10 Alkylation of Amines by Alkyl Halides
- 20-11 Acylation of Amines by Acid Chlorides
- 20-12 Formation of Sulfonamides
- 20-13 Amines as Leaving Groups: The Hofmann Elimination
- 20-14 Oxidation of Amines: The Cope Elimination
- 20-15 Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid
- 20-16 Reactions of Arenediazonium Salts
- 20-17 Synthesis of Amines by Reductive Amination
- 20-18 Synthesis of Amines by AcylationReduction
- 20-19 Syntheses Limited to Primary Amines
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 21 Carboxylic Acids
- Goals for Chapter 21
- 21-1 Introduction
- 21-2 Structure and Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- 21-3 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
- 21-4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids
- 21-5 Commercial Sources of Carboxylic Acids
- 21-6 Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids
- 21-7 Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
- 21-8 Condensation of Acids with Alcohols: The Fischer Esterification
- 21-9 Esterification Using Diazomethane
- 21-10 Condensation of Acids with Amines: Direct Synthesis of Amides
- 21-11 Formation of Acid Chlorides
- 21-12 Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Form Alcohols
- 21-13 Alkylation of Carboxylic Acids to Form Ketones
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 22 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- Goals for Chapter 22
- 22-1 Introduction
- 22-2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 22-3 Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 22-4 Interconversion of Acid Derivatives by Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
- 22-5 Transesterification
- 22-6 Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 22-7 Reduction of Acid Derivatives
- 22-8 Reactions of Acid Derivatives with Organometallic Reagents
- 22-9 Esters and Amides of Carbonic Acid
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 23 Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds
- Goals for Chapter 23
- 23-1 Introduction
- 23-2 Enols and Enolate Ions
- 23-3 Alpha Halogenation of Ketones
- 23-4 Alpha Bromination of Acids: The HVZ Reaction
- 23-5 Alkylation of Enolate Ions
- 23-6 Formation and Alkylation of Enamines
- 23-7 The Aldol Condensation of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 23-8 Dehydration of Aldol Products
- 23-9 Crossed Aldol Condensations
- 23-10 Aldol Cyclizations
- 23-11 The Claisen Ester Condensation
- 23-12 The Dieckmann Condensation: A Claisen Cyclization
- 23-13 Crossed Claisen Condensations
- 23-14 Syntheses Using β Dicarbonyl Compounds
- 23-15 The Malonic Ester Synthesis
- 23-16 The Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
- 23-17 Conjugate Additions: The Michael Reaction
- 23-18 The Robinson Annulation
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 24 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids
- Goals for Chapter 24
- 24-1 Introduction
- 24-2 Classification of Carbohydrates
- 24-3 Monosaccharides
- 24-4 Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
- 24-5 Anomers of Monosaccharides: Mutarotation
- 24-6 Reactions of Monosaccharides: Reduction
- 24-7 Oxidation of Monosaccharides: Reducing Sugars
- 24-8 Nonreducing Sugars: Formation of Glycosides
- 24-9 Ether and Ester Formation
- 24-10 Reactions with Phenylhydrazine: Osazone Formation
- 24-11 Chain Shortening: The Ruff Degradation
- 24-12 Chain Lengthening: The KilianiFischer Synthesis
- 24-13 Disaccharides
- 24-14 Polysaccharides
- 24-15 Nucleic Acids: Introduction
- 24-16 Ribonucleosides and Ribonucleotides
- 24-17 The Structures of RNA and DNA
- 24-18 Additional Functions of Nucleotides
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 25 Amino Acids,Peptides, and Proteins
- Goals for Chapter 25
- 25-1 Introduction
- 25-2 Structure and Stereochemistry of the α Amino Acids
- 25-3 AcidBase Properties of Amino Acids
- 25-4 Isoelectric Points
- 25-5 Synthesis of Amino Acids
- 25-6 Resolution of Amino Acids
- 25-7 Reactions of Amino Acids
- 25-8 Structure and Nomenclature of Peptides and Proteins
- 25-9 Peptide Structure Determination
- 25-10 Laboratory Peptide Synthesis
- 25-11 Classification of Proteins
- 25-12 Levels of Protein Structure
- 25-13 Protein Denaturation
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Chapter 26 Lipids
- Goals for Chapter 26
- 26-1 Introduction
- 26-2 Waxes
- 26-3 Triglycerides
- 26-4 Saponification of Fats and Oils: Soaps and Detergents
- 26-5 Phospholipids
- 26-6 Steroids
- 26-7 Terpenes
- Summary in Chinese
- Study Problems
- Brief Answers to Selected Problems
- Index
- Appendixes