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Plant Physiology and Ecology (植物生理生态学)


作者:
Frederic Edward Clements
定价:
198.00元
ISBN:
978-7-04-052041-5
版面字数:
380.000千字
开本:
16开
全书页数:
暂无
装帧形式:
精装
重点项目:
暂无
出版时间:
2019-07-04
读者对象:
高等教育
一级分类:
生物科学
二级分类:
植物生理学

暂无
  • 前辅文
  • CHAPTER I
    • 1. Fundamental Relations
    • 2. The Nature of Stimuli
    • 3. The Kinds of Stimuli
    • 4. The Nature of Response
    • 5. Adjustment and Adaptation
    • 6. Kinds of Adjustment
    • 7. Normal and Abnormal Adjustment
  • CHAPTER II THE WATER OF THE HABITAT
    • 8. Relation of the Plant to Water
    • 9. The Nature of Water Stimuli
    • 10. Water Content
    • 11. Influence of other Factors upon Water Content
    • 12. Available and Non-available Water Content
    • 13. Soil Samples
    • 14. Computation of Water Content
    • 15. Time of Water Content Readings
    • 16. Location of Readings
    • 17. Depth of Samples
      • Experiment 1. Measurement of Water Content
    • 18. The Determination of Available Water
    • 19. Chresard of Habitats
      • Experiment 2. Determination of Available Water
    • 20. Influence of Soil upon Water Content
    • 21. Origin and Structure
    • 22. Water Capacity
    • 23. Chemical Nature of Soils
    • 24. Air Content
    • 25. Determination of Soil Properties
      • Experiment 3. Porosity and Rate of Evaporation
    • 26. Influence of Precipitation upon Water Content
    • 27. Measurement of Rainfall
    • 28. Physiography
    • 29. The Influence of Slope
    • 30. The Influence of Surface
    • 31. The Influence of Climatic Factors
    • 32. Humidity
    • 33. Modifying Influence of Temperature and Wind
    • 34. Influence of Pressure and Physiographic Factors
    • 35. Effect of Climate and Habitat
    • 36. Measurement of Humidity
    • 37. Sling and Cog Psychrometers
    • 38. Making a Reading
    • 39. Use of Humidity Tables
      • Experiment 4. Measuring Humidity
    • 40. Method of Habitat Study
    • 41. Choice of Stations
    • 42. Constant Factors
    • 43. Simultaneous Readings
    • 44. Point and Hour Readings
    • 45. Records
    • 46. Kinds of Curves
    • 47. Combinations of Curves
    • 48. Plotting Curves
    • 49. Intervals for the Different Factors
      • Experiment 5. Determining the Physical Factors of Habitats
  • CHAPTER III ADJUSTMENT TO WATER
    • 50. Responses to Water Stimuli
    • 51. General Relations
    • 52. The Form of Roots
    • 53. Primary Regions of the Root
    • 54. Detailed Structure
    • 55. Origin and Structure of Root-hairs
    • 56. Effect of Water Content upon Root-hairs and Roots
      • Experiment 6. Structure of the Root and Formation of Root-hairs
      • Experiment 7. Hydrotropism
    • 57. Imbibition
      • Experiment 8. Water of Imbibition
    • 58. Osmosis
    • 59. Osmosis in Root-hairs
    • 60. Influence of Soluble Salts
      • Experiment 9. Demonstration of Osmosis
      • Experiment 10. The Effect of Soluble Salts
    • 61. Effect of Protoplasm upon the Absorption of Soluble Salts
    • 62. Diffusion
      • Experiment 11. Diffusion in Liquids and in Tissues
    • 63. Turgidity
      • Experiment 12. Demonstration of Turgidity
    • 64. General Nature
    • 65. Types of Stem Structure
    • 66. Stem Structure of an Herbaceous Dicotyledon
    • 67. Stems of Monocotyledons
    • 68. Structure of Woody Stems
    • 69. Functions of the Stem
      • Experiment 13. Structure of Stems
    • 70. The Upward Movement of the Water
    • 71. Causes of the Movement
      • Experiment 14. Pathway and Rate of Movement
    • 72. The Structure of a Representative Leaf
    • 73. The Chlorenchym
    • 74. The Reduced Bundles
      • Experiment 15. Structure of a Leaf
    • 75. Diffusion in the Leaf
    • 76. Transpiring Surface
      • Experiment 16. Measurement of the Actual Transpiring Surface.
    • 77. Structure and Position of Stomata
    • 78. The Functions of Stomata
    • 79. Movements of Guard-cells
      • Experiment 17. Movement of Guard-cells
      • Experiment 18. Position of Stomata and Water Loss
    • 80. The Influence of Physical Factors upon Transpiration
    • 81. The Measurement of Transpiration
    • 82. Measuring Transpiration in the Field
      • Experiment 19. Influence of Factors upon the Rate of Transpiration
    • 83. The Amount of Transpiration in Plants
    • 84. Relation between Transpiration and Absorption
    • 85. Compensation for Increased Transpiration
    • 86. Details of the Adjustment
      • Experiment 20. Pathway of Adjustment
  • CHAPTER IV ADJUSTMENT TO LIGHT
    • 87. Relation of the Plant to Light
    • 88. The Nature of Light Stimuli
    • 89. Measurement of Light
    • 90. Making a Standard
    • 91. Making Readings
    • 92. Comparison with the Standard
    • 93. Causes of Variation in Light Intensity
    • 94. The Effect of Time
    • 95. The Effect of Altitude
      • Experiment 21. Measuring Light Intensity
    • 96. Reception and Absorption of Light
    • 97. The Amount Absorbed
      • Experiment 22. Epidermis and Leaf Prints
    • 98. The Production of Chlorophyll
    • 99. The Nature of Chlorophyll
    • 100. The Influence of Darkness
      • Experiment 23. Influence of Light and Darkness
    • 101. Photosynthesis
    • 102. Absorption and Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide
    • 103. Chemical Changes during Photosynthesis
      • Experiment 24. Dependence of Photosynthesis upon Aeration and Light
    • 104. Measurement of Photosynthesis
      • Experiment 25. Relation of Photosynthesis to Sun and Shade
    • 105. Translocation
      • Experiment 26. Translocation
    • 106. Storage of Food Material
      • Experiment 27. Storage Tissues
    • 107. Influence of Light upon the Number and Position of Chloroplasts
      • Experiment 28. Arrangement of Chloroplasts
    • 108. Movement of Stems and Leaves
    • 109. Phototropism
      • Experiment 29. Phototropic Movements
    • 110. Nyctotropism
      • Experiment 30. Nyctotropic Movements
  • CHAPTER V ADJUSTMENT TO TEMPERATURE
    • 111. Relations of Plante to Temperature
    • 112. The Measurement of Temperature
    • 113. Soil Temperatures
    • 114. Plant Temperatures
      • Experiment 31. Temperatures of Plant and Habitat
    • 115. Variations of Temperature
    • 116. The Influence of Other Factors
    • 117. Favorable and Unfavorable Temperatures
    • 118. Freezing
      • Experiment 32. Effects of Freezing
    • 119. The Sum of Temperatures
    • 120. Influence upon Vegetation
    • 121. Digestion
    • 122. Chemosynthesis of Digested Materials
    • 123. Respiration
    • 124. Fermentation
    • 125. Germination
      • Experiment 33. Digestion and Respiration in Seeds
    • 126. Nutrition of Hysterophytes
    • 127. Kinds of Parasites
      • Experiment 34. Nutrition of Representative Hysterophytes
    • 128. Growth
    • 129. Growth of Tissues and Organs
      • Experiment 35. Regions of Growth
    • 130. Conditions that Influence Growth
    • 131. The Amount and Rate of Growth
    • 132. Regions of Greatest Growth in Various Organs
      • Experiment 36. Influence of Temperature, Water and Light upon Regions of Growth
    • 133. Rhythm of Growth
    • 134. The Age of a Plant
    • 135. Reproduction
    • 136. Propagation
    • 137. Propagules of Flowering Plants
    • 138. Stems as Propagules
      • Experiment 37. Propagules
    • 139. Sexual Reproduction
    • 140. Production of Pollen
      • Experiment 38. Amount of Pollen
    • 141. Protection of Pollen
    • 142. Structural Protection
    • 143. Protection by Movement
    • 144. Seasonal Protection
      • Experiment 39. Protection of Pollen
    • 145. Disposition of the Stamens and Pistils
      • Experiment 40. Grouping of Stamens and Pistils
    • 146. Source and Destination of Pollen
    • 147. Cross-pollination
    • 148. Pollination by Insects
    • 149. Self-pollination
      • Experiment 41. Pollination
    • 150. The Period of Flowering
    • 151. Time of Daily Flowering
      • Experiment 42. Time of Flowering
    • 152. Fructification
    • 153. Fleshy Fruits
    • 154. Dry Fruits
    • 155. Movements of Fruits
      • Experiment 43. Kinds of Fruits
  • CHAPTER VI ADJUSTMENT TO GRAVITY, CONTACT AND SHOCK
    • 156. The Relation of the Plant to Gravity
    • 157. Geotropism
    • 158. Cause and Reaction
    • 159. Region of Curvature
    • 160. Ecological Significance of Geotropism
      • Experiment 44. Geotropism
    • 161. Response to Contact
      • Experiment 45. The Behavior of Tendrils
    • 162. Response to Shock
      • Experiment 46. Response to Shock
  • CHAPTER VII ADAPTATION TO WATER
    • 163. The Relation of Structures to Water
    • 164. Adaptation to a Small Water Supply
    • 165. Decrease of Water Loss through Leaf Position
    • 166. Decrease through the Rolling of the Leaf
    • 167. Reduction of Leaf or Stem
    • 168. Changes of the Epidermal Cells
    • 169. Modifications of the Stomata
    • 170. Changes in the Chlorenchym
    • 171. Increase and Storage of Water Supply
    • 172. Adaptation to Excessive Water Supply
      • Experiment 47. Experimental Adaptation to Water
    • 173. Types of Plant Body
    • 174. Types Produced by Adaptation to Water
    • 175. General Features of Xerophytes
    • 176. Types of Leaf Xerophytes
    • 177. Normal Leaf Xerophytes
    • 178. Storage Leaves
    • 179. Lanate Leaves
      • Experiment 48. Study of Normal Leaf Xerophytes
    • 180. Other Leaf Xerophytes
      • Experiment 49. Study of Xerophytic Leaves
    • 181. Stem Xerophytes
    • 182. Types of Stem Xerophytes
      • Experiment 50. Form and Structure of Stem Xerophytes
    • 183. Mesophytes
      • Experiment 51. Comparison of Mesophyte and Xerophyte
    • 184. Hydrophytes
    • 185. Amphibious Plants
      • Experiment 52. Structure of Amphibious Plants
    • 186. Floating Plants
      • Experiment 53. Structure of Floating Plants
    • 187. Submerged Plants
      • Experiment 54. Structure of Submerged Plants
    • 188. Bog Plants
      • Experiment 55. Study of Water-Content Types
  • CHAPTER VIII ADAPTATION TO LIGHT
    • 189. The Relation of Organs to Light
    • 190. Influence of the Chloroplasts
    • 191. Modifications of the Chlorenchym
    • 192. Sponge Tissue
    • 193. Palisade Tissue
    • 194. Changes of the Epidermis
    • 195. The Form of Leaves
    • 196. Changes of Outline, Size and Thickness
    • 197. The Form of Stems
      • Experiment 56. The Production of Adaptations to Light
    • 198. Types of Leaves as Determined by Light
    • 199. Sun Plants and Shade Plants
      • Experiment 57. Sun and Shade Forms in Nature
  • CHAPTER IX THE ORIGIN OF NEW FORMS
    • 200. The Law of Evolution
    • 201. Stability and Plasticity
    • 202. Constant and Inconstant Forms
    • 203. Origin by Descent before Darwin
    • 204. Darwin and the Origin of Species
    • 205. Evolution after Darwin
    • 206. Fundamental Methods of Evolution
    • 207. Origin by Adaptation
    • 208. Origin by Variation
    • 209. Origin by Mutation
    • 210. Origin by Hybridation
      • Experiment 58. The Occurrence of New Forms in Nature
    • 211. Natural Selection
    • 212. Isolation
    • 213. Polygenesis
    • 214. Experimental Evolution
  • CHAPTER X METHODS OF STUDYING VEGETATION
    • 215. The Study of Vegetation
    • 216. The Quadrat
    • 217. Kinds of Quadrats
    • 218. Marking out Quadrats
    • 219. The List Quadrat
    • 220. Abundance
    • 221. The Chart Quadrat
    • 222. Making Quadrat Charts
    • 223. The Permanent Quadrat
    • 224. The Denuded Quadrat
    • 225. Transects
    • 226. The Line Transect
    • 227. The Belt Transect
    • 228. The Migration Circle
    • 229. Formation Maps
  • CHAPTER XI THE PLANT FORMATION
    • 230. The Nature of Formations
    • 231. Recognition of Formations
    • 232. Relation between Habitat and Formation
    • 233. The Historical Factor
    • 234. Development and Structure
    • 235. Structure of the Formation
    • 236. Facies
    • 237. Principal and Secondary Species
    • 238. Aspects
      • Experiment 59. Study of Abundance and of Aspects
    • 239. The Parts of a Formation: the Consocies
    • 240. The Society
    • 241. The Community
    • 242. The Family
      • Experiment 60. The Structure of a Formation
    • 243. Layers
      • Experiment 61. Layered Formations
    • 244. Classification
    • 245. Classification by Habitats
    • 246. Types of Formations
    • 247. Developmental or Physiographic Classification
    • 248. Regional Classification
    • 249. Open and Closed Formations
    • 250. Mixed Formations
      • Experiment 62. Comparison of Formations
  • CHAPTER XII AGGREGATION AND MIGRATION
    • 251. Aggregation
    • 252. Simple Aggregation
    • 253. Mixed Aggregation
    • Experiment 63. Study of Families and Communities
    • 254. Migration
    • 255. Mobility
    • 256. Organs of Dissemination
    • 257. Modifications for Migration
    • 258. Influence of Seed Production
    • 259. Position of Disseminules
    • 260. The Agents of Migration
    • 261. The Work of Migration Agents
      • Experiment 64. Modifications for Migration
    • 262. The Direction of Migration
      • Experiment 65. Amount and Direction of Migration
  • CHAPTER XIII COMPETITION AND ECESIS
    • 263. Competition
    • 264. The Struggle for Existence
    • 265. The Nature of Competition
    • 266. The Factors Involved
    • 267. Competition for Water and Light
    • 268. Competition between Parents and Offspring
    • 269. Competition between Different Species
    • 270. Influence of Vegetation Form and Habitat Form
    • 271. The Effect of Position
    • 272. Vegetation Pressure
    • 273. The Results of Competition
    • 274. The Study of Competition
    • 275. Competition Cultures
    • 276. Competition Quadrats
      • Experiment 66. Competition
    • 277. Ecesis
    • 278. The Factors in Ecesis
    • 279. Germination of the Seed
    • 280. The Effect of Habitat
    • 281. Adjustment to the Habitat
      • Experiment 67. Influence of Habitat Form upon Ecesis
    • 282. Barriers
    • 283. Physical and Biological Barriers
    • 284. Influence of Barriers
    • 285. Distance
    • 286. Endemism
      • Experiment 68. Barriers and Endemism
  • CHAPTER XIV INVASION AND SUCCESSION
    • 287. Invasion
    • 288. The Manner of Invasion
    • 289. Invasion at Different Levels
    • 290. Kinds of Invasion
    • 291. Indigenous and Derived Species
      • Experiment 69. Invasion
    • 292. Succession
    • 293. Kinds of Succession
    • 294. Primary Successions
    • 295. Succession in Colluvial Soils
    • 296. Succession in Alluvial Soils
    • 297. Succession in {\AEolian Soils
    • 298. Secondary Successions
    • 299. Succession in Eroded Soils
    • 300. Succession in Flooded Soils
    • 301. Succession Due to Man
    • 302. Succession in Burned Areas
    • 303. Succession in Lumbered Areas
    • 304. Succession by Cultivation
    • 305. Reactions of Plants upon the Habitat
    • 306. The Laws of Succession
    • 307. The Study of Succession
    • 308. Method of Alternating Stages
    • 309. The Relict Method
      • Experiment 70. The Study of a Secondary Succession
  • CHAPTER XV ALTERNATION AND ZONATION
    • 310. The Relation between Alternation and Zonation
    • 311. Alternation
    • 312. Causes of Alternation
    • 313. Alternation Due to Ecesis
    • 314. Alternation Due to Competition
    • 315. Kinds of Alternation
    • 316. Normal Alternation of Formations, Consocies, etc
    • 317. Normal Alternation of Species
    • 318. Numerical Alternation
    • 319. Corresponsive Alternation
      • Experiment 71. Alternation of Species
    • 320. Zonation
    • 321. Zones Due to Growth
    • 322. Zones Due to Migration and Ecesis
    • 323. Zones Due to Reaction
    • 324. Zones Due to Physical Factors
    • 325. Physiographic Symmetry
    • 326. Symmetry in Vegetation
    • 327. Kinds of Zonation
    • 328. Radial Zonation
    • 329. Bilateral Zonation
    • 330. Vertical Zonation
    • 331. Vegetation Zones
      • Experiment 72. Zonation of Pond and Meadow Formations
  • INDEX

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