欧拉致德国公主的书信:关于自然哲学的不同学科(第 I 卷)(英文版)
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- LETTER I. Of Magnitude, or Extension.
- LETTER II. Of Velocity.
- LETTER III. Of Sound, and Its Velocity.
- LETTER IV. Of Consonance and Dissonance.
- LETTER V. Of Unison and Octaves.
- LETTER VI. Of Other Consonances.
- LETTER VII. Of the Twelve Tones of the Harpsichord.
- LETTER VIII. Of the Pleasure Derived from Fine Music.
- LETTER IX. Compression of the Air.
- LETTER X. Rarefaction and Elasticity of the Air.
- LETTER XI. Gravity of the Air.
- LETTER XII. Of the Atmosphere, and the Barometer.
- LETTER XIII. Of Air-guns, and the Compression of Air in Gunpowder.
- LETTER XIV. The Effect Produced by Heat and Cold on All Bodies, and of the Pyrometer and Thermometer.
- LETTER XV. Changes Produced in the Atmosphere by Heat and Cold.
- LETTER XVI. The Cold Felt on High Mountains and at Great Depths Accounted for.
- LETTER XVII. Of Light, and the Systems of Descartes and Newton.
- LETTER XVIII. Difficulties Attending the System of Emanation.
- LETTER XIX. A Different System Respecting the Nature of Rays and of Light, Proposed.
- LETTER XX. Of the Propagation of Light.
- LETTER XXI. Digression on the Distances of the Heavenly Bodies, and on the Nature of the Sun, and His Rays.
- LETTER XXII. Elucidations on the Nature of Luminous Bodies, and Their Difference from Opaque Bodies Illumined.
- LETTER XXIII. How Opaque Bodies Become Visible. Newton's System of the Reflection of Rays Proposed.
- LETTER XXIV. Examination and Refutation of Newton's System.
- LETTER XXV. A Different Explanation of the Manner in Which Opaque Bodies Illuminated Become Visible.
- LETTER XXVI. Continuation of the Same Subject.
- LETTER XXVII. Conclusion: Clearness and Colour of Opaque Bodies Illuminated.
- LETTER XXVIII. Nature of Colours in Particular.
- LETTER XXIX. Transparency of Bodies Relative to the Transmission of Rays.
- LETTER XXX. Of the Transmission of Rays of Light, through Transparent Mediums, and Their Refraction.
- LETTER XXXI. Refraction of Rays of Different Colours.
- LETTER XXXII. Of the Azure Colour of the Heavens.
- LETTER XXXIII. Of Rays Issuing from a Distant Luminous Point, and of the Visual Angle.
- LETTER XXXIV. Of the Assistance Which Judgment Lends to Vision.
- LETTER XXXV. Explanation of Certain Phenomena Relative to Optics.
- LETTER XXXVI. Of Shadow.
- LETTER XXXVII. Of Catoptrics, and the Reflection of Rays from Plain Mirrors.
- LETTER XXXVIII. Reflection of Rays from Convex and Concave Mirrors. Burning Mirrors.
- LETTER XXXIX. Of Dioptrics.
- LETTER XL. Continuation. ,--- ,Of Burning-glasses and Their Focus.
- LETTER XLI. Of Vision, and the Structure of the Eye.
- LETTER XLII. Continuation. Wonders Discoverable in the Structure of the Eye.
- LETTER XLIII. Further Continuation. --- Astonishing Difference between the Eye of an Animal, and the Artificial Eye or Camera Obscura.
- LETTER XLIV. Perfections Discoverable in the Structure of the Eye.
- LETTER XLV. Of Gravity, Considered as a General Property of Body.
- LETTER XLVI. Continuation. Of Specific Gravity.
- LETTER XLVII. Terms Relative to Gravity, and Their True Import.
- LETTER XLVIII. Reply to Certain Objections to the Earth's Spherical Figure, Derived from Gravity.
- LETTER XLIX. True Direction and Action of Gravity Relatively to the Earth.
- LETTER L. Different Action of Gravity with Respect to Certain Countries and Distances from the Centre of the Earth.
- LETTER LI. Gravity of the Moon.
- LETTER LII. Discovery of Universal Gravitation by Newton.
- LETTER LIII. Continuation. Of the Mutual Attraction of the Heavenly Bodies.
- LETTER LIV. Different Sentiments of Philosophers Respecting Universal Gravitation. The Attractionists.
- LETTER LV. Power by Which the Heavenly Bodies are Mutually Attracted.
- LETTER LIV. The Same Subject Continued.
- LETTER LVII. The Same Subject Continued.
- LETTER LVIII. Motion of the Heavenly Bodies. Method of Determining It by the Laws of Universal Gravitation.
- LETTER LIX. System of the Universe.
- LETTER LX. The Same Subject Continued.
- LETTER LXI. Small Irregularities in the Motions of the Planets, Caused by Their Mutual Attraction.
- LETTER LXII. Description of the Flux and Reflux of the Sea.
- LETTER LXIII. Different Opinions of Philosophers Respecting the Flux and Reflux of the Sea.
- LETTER LXIV. Explanation of the Flux and Reflux, from the Attractive Power of the Moon.
- LETTER LXV. The Same Subject Continued.
- LETTER LXVI. The Same Subject Continued.
- LETTER LXVII. The Same Subject Continued.
- LETTER LXVIII. More Particular Account of the Dispute Respecting Universal Gravitation.
- LETTER LXIX. Nature and Essence of Bodies
- LETTER LXX. Impenetrability of Bodies.
- LETTER LXXI. Of the Motion of Bodies, Real and Apparent.
- LETTER LXXII. Of Uniform, Accelerated, and Retarded Motion.
- LETTER LXXIII. Principal Law of Motion and Rest. Disputes of Philosophers on the Subject.
- LETTER LXXIV. Of the Inertia of Bodies: Of Powers.
- LETTER LXXV. Changes Which May Take Place in the State of Bodies.
- LETTER LXXVI. System of the Monads of Wolff.
- LETTER LXXVII. Origin and Nature of Powers.
- LETTER LXXVIII. The Same Subject. Principle of the Least Possible Action.
- LETTER LXXIX. On the Question, Are There Any Other Species of Powers?
- LETTER LXXX. Of the Nature of Spirits.
- LETTER LXXXI. Of the Union between the Soul and the Body.
- LETTER LXXXII. Different Systems Relative to This Subject.
- LETTER LXXXIII. Examination of the System of Pre-established Harmony. Objection to It.
- LETTER LXXXIV. Another Objection.
- LETTER LXXXV. Of the Liberty of Spirits
- LETTER LXXXVI. The Same Subject Continued.
- LETTER LXXXVII. Influence of the Liberty of Spirits upon Events.
- LETTER LXXXVIII. Of Events, Natural, Supernatural, and Moral.
- LETTER LXXXIX. Of the Question Respecting the Best World Possible
- LETTER XC. Connexion of the Preceding Considerations with Religion. Reply to the Objections of the Philosophical Systems against Prayer.
- LETTER XCI. The Liberty of Intelligent Beings in Harmony with the Doctrines of the Christian Religion.
- LETTER XCII. Elucidation Respecting the Nature of Spirits.
- LETTER XCIII. The Subject Continued. Reflections on the State of Souls after Death.
- LETTER XCIV. Considerations on the Action of the Soul upon the Body, and of the Body upon the Soul.
- LETTER XCV. Of the Faculties of the Soul, and of Judgment.
- LETTER XCVI. Conviction of the Existence of What We Perceive by the Senses. Of the Idealists, Egotists, and Materialists.
- LETTER XCVII. Refutation of the Idealists.
- LETTER XCVIII. The Faculty of Perceiving. Reminiscence, Memory, and Attention. Simple and Compound Ideas.
- LETTER XCIX. Division of Ideas into Clear and Obscure, Distinct and Confused. Of Distraction.