语言是人类最重要的思维与交际工具,也是人类各种文化的载体。由于语言是人类最重要的文化领域之一,语言与社会、文化之间的紧密联系因此成为人们关注的重要研究领域,并被称为社会语言学。作为对语言与社会文化的关系的一种跨学科研究,社会语言学涉及的领域极为广泛,与社会科学,尤其是社会学、人类学、社会心理学和教育学等学科有着密切的联系。在高等教育强调通识教育、重视提高学生文化素质的今天,为本科英语专业乃至其他专业的学生开设一门介绍语言与社会的课程十分必要。
《语言与社会》将首先对社会语言学的研究对象、研究范围和目标等方面进行概述并对全书的框架作简要介绍,进而从宏观的层面上考察社会与政治对语言使用的影响,譬如,从人们对语言的态度、标准语的形成和官方语言的选择等方面去论述语言与社会的关系;接着从语言变异方面重点观察各种社会因素是如何影响人们选择和使用特定的语言形式,如不同的区域和社会阶层方面的相关因素如何影响人们在不同社会语境中使用语言时的发音、句法和词语等方面的特征以及社会规范是怎样影响不同性别的话语模式和交际风格;在语言与交际的关系方面将进行微观层面的社会与语言分析,讨论特定的社交场合和不同的社会角色如何影响人们的言语交际行为,以及跨文化交际中的话语模式和语用等方面的问题;在语言与文化的关系方面侧重于微观层面的语言文化分析,例如通过在具体的社交情景和不同角色之间的言语交际去概括不同社会和文化的特定语言文化模式和语言价值观,探讨语言与文化的密切关系;最后,对社会语言学在宏观和微观方面的诸多因素对语言教学,尤其是对外语学习的影响进行归纳、总结。
- 前辅文
- Unit 1 Language, Culture and Society — An Introduction to the Course
- Understanding Language as Communication
- The Study of Language and Society
- The Study of Language and Culture
- The Structure of This Course
- Unit 2 Language and Dialect
- Understanding Language and Dialect
- The Complexity of Language vs. Dialect
- Intelligibility vs. Political Boundaries
- The Standard Dialect
- The Structural vs. the Functional Views
- Case Analysis:Dialectal Differences in Chinese
- Unit 3 Language and Nation
- Understanding Language and Nation
- The National Language
- National vs. Offi cial Languages
- Offi cial vs. Working Languages
- Case Analysis:Language and Political Confl icts in the European Union
- Unit 4 Bilingualism and Multilingualism
- Understanding Monolingualism vs. Bilingualism
- Prejudices Against Bilingualism and Language Diversity
- Positive Attitudes Favoring Linguistic Diversity
- Academic Models of Bilingualism
- Case Analysis:Discussing the Trilingual Situation in Hong Kong
- Unit 5 World Englishes
- Understanding the Main Varieties of English
- British English
- American English
- Second Language Varieties of English
- Models of International English
- Case Analysis:Is There a Variety of “Chinese English?”
- Unit 6 Language and Social Variation
- Understanding Language and Variation
- Language Variation and Social Attitude
- Language and Social Stratifi cation
- Language and Ethnicity
- Language and Identity
- Case Analysis:Language and Social Changes in China
- Unit 7 Language and Gender
- Understanding Gender Differences in Language Use
- The Sociolinguistic Studies of Gender Pattern
- The Dominance Approach
- The Difference/Dual-culture Approach
- Alternative Strategies for Language Use in the US
- Case Analysis:Dangerous English
- Unit 8 Language Style and Register
- Understanding Stylistic Variations of Language
- Language and Stylistic Variation
- Language and Occupation
- Halliday’s Theory of Register
- Case Analysis:The Language of Science and Language of Economics
- Unit 9 Speech Acts
- Understanding the Concept of Speech Act
- Classifi cation of Speech Acts
- The Notion of Speech Act Set and Its Cross-cultural Studies
- Case Analysis:Different Cultures, Different Speech Act Sets
- Unit 10 Language and Politeness
- Understanding Politeness in the Use of Language
- The Notion of Face and Politeness
- Face and Communication Strategies
- Politeness Strategies of Involvement and Independence
- Case Analysis:Cultural Differences in Expressing Sympathy
- Unit 11 Language and Cultural Thought Patterns
- Understanding Different Cultural Patterns of Thought
- The Characteristics of Culture
- Language and Cultural Thought Patterns
- The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- The Intrinsic Relationship of Language and Culture
- Case Analysis:Cultural Understanding of Lexical Items
- Unit 12 Language and Cultural Contexts
- Understanding the Differences of Cultural Contexts
- High vs. Low Cultural Context
- Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Cultural Context
- Case Analysis:Cultural Context and Discourse
- Unit 13 Culture and Discourse Patterns
- Understanding Cultural Differences in Discourse
- Culture and Discourse
- Cultural Patterns of Discourse
- Chinese EFL Students’ Characteristic Paragraph and Essay Structure
- Case Analysis:How to Tell When Someone Is Saying“No?”
- Unit 14 Learning Language as Communication
- Implications for Foreign Language Learning
- Important Features of Communication
- The Relationship Between Communication and Culture
- Dimensions of Communicative Differences Across Cultures
- Defi ning a Competent Communicator
- Implications for Language Teaching/Learning Practice
- Suggested Readings for the Course
- References