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环境化学（第十版）（影印版）

暂无简介
作者：
Stanley E. Manahan
定价：
120.00元
出版时间：
2024-06-28
ISBN：
978-7-04-062252-2
物料号：
62252-00
读者对象：
高等教育
一级分类：
环境科学与工程类
二级分类：
环境科学专业课
三级分类：
环境化学及实验
重点项目：
暂无
版面字数：
1180.000千字
开本：
16开
全书页数：
暂无
装帧形式：
平装
  • 前辅文
  • Chapter 1 Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment
    • 1.1 Earth and the Earth System
    • 1.2 Biogeochemical Cycles in the Earth System
      • 1.2.1 Oxygen Cycle
      • 1.2.2 Nitrogen Cycle
      • 1.2.3 Sulfur Cycle
      • 1.2.4 Phosphorus Cycle
    • 1.3 Natural Capital of the Earth System
    • 1.4 What Is Environmental Chemistry?
      • 1.4.1 Environmental Chemistry and the Spheres of the Earth System
    • 1.5 Environmental Chemistry of Water and the Hydrosphere
      • 1.5.1 Water Pollution
      • 1.5.2 Water Treatment
    • 1.6 Environmental Chemistry of Air and the Atmosphere
      • 1.6.1 Atmospheric Chemistry
      • 1.6.2 Air Pollution
    • 1.7 Environmental Chemistry of the Geosphere
      • 1.7.1 The Geosphere and Natural Capital
      • 1.7.2 Soil
      • 1.7.3 Chemical Composition of Soil
    • 1.8 Environmental Chemistry of the Anthrosphere
      • 1.8.1 Chemistry and the Anthrosphere
      • 1.8.2 Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry in the Anthrosphere
    • 1.9 Environmental Chemistry of the Biosphere
      • 1.9.1 Biomaterials from the Biosphere
      • 1.9.2 Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry
      • 1.9.3 Exposure to Toxic Substances
    • 1.10 As We Enter the Anthropocene
      • 1.10.1 Environmental Priorities for the Sustainocene
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 2 The Hydrosphere and Water Chemistry
    • 2.1 Water: An Essential Part of Earth’s Natural Capital
    • 2.2 Sources and Uses of Water
      • 2.2.1 The Groundwater Crisis
    • 2.3 H2O: Simple Formula, Remarkable Molecule
    • 2.4 Life in Water
    • 2.5 Chemistry of Water
    • 2.6 Gases in Water
      • 2.6.1 Oxygen in Water
    • 2.7 Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water
      • 2.7.1 Carbon Dioxide in Water
    • 2.8 Alkalinity
      • 2.8.1 Contributors to Alkalinity at Different pH Values
      • 2.8.2 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Alkalinity
      • 2.8.3 Influence of Alkalinity on CO2 Solubility
    • 2.9 Calcium and Other Metals in Water
      • 2.9.1 Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids
      • 2.9.2 Calcium in Water
      • 2.9.3 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate Minerals
    • 2.10 Complexation and Chelation
      • 2.10.1 Occurrence and Importance of Chelating Agents in Water
    • 2.11 Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes
      • 2.11.1 Selectivity and Specificity in Chelation
    • 2.12 Calculations of Species Concentrations
    • 2.13 Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands
    • 2.14 Complexation by Protonated Ligands
    • 2.15 Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA
      • 2.15.1 Reaction of NTA with Metal Carbonate
      • 2.15.2 Effect of Calcium Ion on the Reaction of Chelating Agents with Slightly Soluble Salts
    • 2.16 Polyphosphates and Phosphonates in Water
      • 2.16.1 Polyphosphates
      • 2.16.2 Hydrolysis of Polyphosphates
      • 2.16.3 Complexation by Polyphosphates
      • 2.16.4 Phosphonates
    • 2.17 Complexation by Humic Substances
    • 2.18 Complexation and Redox Processes
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 3 Oxidation/Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry
    • 3.1 The Significance of Oxidation/Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry
    • 3.2 The Electron and Redox Reactions
    • 3.3 Electron Activity and pE
    • 3.4 The Nernst Equation
    • 3.5 Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions
    • 3.6 The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium
    • 3.7 The Relationship of pE to Free Energy
    • 3.8 Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole
    • 3.9 The Limits of pE in Water
    • 3.10 pE Values in Natural Water Systems
    • 3.11 pE–pH Diagrams
    • 3.12 Humic Substances as Natural Reductants
    • 3.13 Photochemical Processes in Oxidation–Reduction
    • 3.14 Corrosion
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 4 Phase Interactions in Aquatic Chemistry
    • 4.1 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water
    • 4.2 Importance and Formation of Sediments
      • 4.2.1 Formation of Sediments
      • 4.2.2 Organic and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Materials
    • 4.3 Solubilities
      • 4.3.1 Solubilities of Solids
      • 4.3.2 Solubilities of Gases
    • 4.4 Colloidal Particles in Water
      • 4.4.1 Colloids in Water and Contaminant Transport by Colloids
      • 4.4.2 Kinds of Colloidal Particles
      • 4.4.3 Colloid Stability
    • 4.5 The Colloidal Properties of Clays
    • 4.6 Aggregation of Colloidal Particles
      • 4.6.1 Flocculation of Colloids by Polyelectrolytes
      • 4.6.2 Flocculation of Bacteria by Polymeric Materials
    • 4.7 Surface Sorption by Solids
    • 4.8 Solute Exchange with Bottom Sediments
      • 4.8.1 Trace-Level Metals in Suspended Matter and Sediments
      • 4.8.2 Phosphorus Exchange with Bottom Sediments
      • 4.8.3 Organic Compounds on Sediments and Suspended Matter
      • 4.8.4 Bioavailability of Sediment Contaminants
    • 4.9 Interstitial Water
    • 4.10 Phase Interactions in Chemical Fate and Transport
      • 4.10.1 Rivers
      • 4.10.2 Lakes and Reservoirs
      • 4.10.3 Exchange with the Atmosphere
      • 4.10.4 Exchange with Sediments
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 5 Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry
    • 5.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes
      • 5.1.1 Microorganisms at Interfaces
    • 5.2 Algae
    • 5.3 Fungi
    • 5.4 Protozoa
    • 5.5 Bacteria
      • 5.5.1 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Bacteria
      • 5.5.2 Oxic and Anoxic Bacteria
    • 5.6 The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell
    • 5.7 Kinetics of Bacterial Growth
    • 5.8 Bacterial Metabolism
      • 5.8.1 Factors Affecting Bacterial Metabolism
      • 5.8.2 Microbial Oxidation and Reduction
    • 5.9 Microbial Transformations of Carbon
      • 5.9.1 Methane-Forming Bacteria
      • 5.9.2 Bacterial Utilization of Hydrocarbons
      • 5.9.3 Microbial Utilization of Carbon Monoxide
    • 5.10 Biodegradation of Organic Matter
      • 5.10.1 Oxidation
      • 5.10.2 Microbial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
      • 5.10.3 Other Biochemical Processes in Biodegradation of Organics
    • 5.11 Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen
      • 5.11.1 Nitrogen Fixation
      • 5.11.2 Nitrification
      • 5.11.3 Nitrate Reduction
      • 5.11.4 Denitrification
    • 5.12 Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur
      • 5.12.1 Phosphorus Compounds
      • 5.12.2 Sulfur Compounds
      • 5.12.3 Oxidation of H2S and Reduction of Sulfate by Bacteria
      • 5.12.4 Microorganism-Mediated Degradation of Organic Sulfur Compounds
    • 5.13 Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides
    • 5.14 Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids
      • 5.14.1 Acid Mine Waters
      • 5.14.2 Microbial Transitions of Selenium
      • 5.14.3 Microbial Corrosion
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 6 Water Pollutants and Water Pollution
    • 6.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants
      • 6.1.1 Markers of Water Pollution
    • 6.2 Elemental Pollutants
    • 6.3 Heavy Metals
      • 6.3.1 Cadmium
      • 6.3.2 Lead
      • 6.3.3 Mercury
    • 6.4 Metalloids
    • 6.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids
      • 6.5.1 Organotin Compounds
    • 6.6 Inorganic Species
      • 6.6.1 Cyanide
      • 6.6.2 Ammonia and Other Inorganic Pollutants
      • 6.6.3 Asbestos in Water
    • 6.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication
    • 6.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity
    • 6.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants
    • 6.10 Organic Pollutants
      • 6.10.1 Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutants
      • 6.10.2 Sewage
      • 6.10.3 Soaps, Detergents, and Detergent Builders
      • 6.10.3.1 Soaps
      • 6.10.3.2 Detergents
      • 6.10.3.3 Microbial Toxins
    • 6.11 Pesticides in Water
      • 6.11.1 Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids
      • 6.11.2 The Emergence of Neonicotinoid Insecticides
      • 6.11.3 DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides
      • 6.11.4 Organophosphate Insecticides
      • 6.11.5 Carbamates
      • 6.11.6 Fungicides
      • 6.11.7 Herbicides
      • 6.11.8 Bipyridylium Compounds
      • 6.11.9 Herbicidal Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds
      • 6.11.10 Chlorophenoxy Herbicides
      • 6.11.11 Miscellaneous Herbicides
    • 6.12 Organochlorine Compounds in Water
      • 6.12.1 By-Products of Pesticide Manufacture
      • 6.12.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
      • 6.12.3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in Groundwater
      • 6.12.4 Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds
    • 6.13 Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes
      • 6.13.1 Bactericides and Antibiotics
      • 6.13.2 Estrogenic Substances in Wastewater Effluents
      • 6.13.3 Biorefractory Organic Pollutants
    • 6.14 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 7 World Water Crisis and Climate Change: Water Renovation and Recycling
    • 7.1 The Most Important Body of Water—You
    • 7.2 Water Treatment and Water Use
    • 7.3 Municipal Water Treatment
      • 7.3.1 Failures in Water Treatment
    • 7.4 Treatment of Water for Industrial and Commercial Use
    • 7.5 Wastewater Treatment
      • 7.5.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
    • 7.6 Advanced Water Treatment
    • 7.7 Aeration of Water
    • 7.8 Removal of Solids
      • 7.8.1 Dissolved Air Flotation
      • 7.8.2 Membrane Filtration Processes
    • 7.9 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals
      • 7.9.1 Removal of Iron and Manganese
      • 7.9.2 Removal of Heavy Metals from Water
    • 7.10 Removal of Biodegradable Organics from Water and Sewage Treatment
      • 7.10.1 Biodegradable Organics Removal from Wastewater
      • 7.10.2 Membrane Bioreactor
      • 7.10.3 Sludge Handling and Disposal
      • 7.10.4 Chemical Sludges
      • 7.10.5 Additional Purification of Water from Secondary Wastewater Treatment
    • 7.11 Removal of Dissolved Organics
      • 7.11.1 Removal of Herbicides
    • 7.12 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics
      • 7.12.1 Ion Exchange
      • 7.12.2 Reverse Osmosis
      • 7.12.3 Phosphorus Removal
      • 7.12.4 Nitrogen Removal
    • 7.13 Water Disinfection
      • 7.13.1 Chlorine Dioxide
      • 7.13.2 Green Ozone for Water Disinfection
      • 7.13.3 Ferrate and Percarbonate
      • 7.13.4 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Radiation and Photocatalytic Processes
    • 7.14 Natural Water Purification Processes
      • 7.14.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil
    • 7.15 Green Water and Total Water Recycle
    • 7.16 Water Conservation
    • 7.17 Protecting Water Supplies from Attack
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 8 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry
    • 8.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry
      • 8.1.1 Atmospheric Composition
      • 8.1.2 Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur
      • 8.1.3 Atmospheric Methane, Hydrocarbons, and Photochemical Smog
      • 8.1.4 Particulate Matter
      • 8.1.5 Primary and Secondary Pollutants
    • 8.2 How the Atmosphere Got That Way and Its Natural Capital
      • 8.2.1 Chemical and Biochemical Processes in Evolution of the Atmosphere
      • 8.2.2 Self-Purification of the Atmosphere
    • 8.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere
      • 8.3.1 Variation of Pressure and Density with Altitude
      • 8.3.2 Stratification of the Atmosphere
    • 8.4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
      • 8.4.1 Earth’s Radiation Budget
    • 8.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather
      • 8.5.1 Atmospheric Water in Energy and Mass Transfer
      • 8.5.2 Air Masses
      • 8.5.3 Topographical Effects
      • 8.5.4 Movement of Air Masses
      • 8.5.5 Global Weather
      • 8.5.6 Weather Fronts and Storms
    • 8.6 Inversions and Air Pollution
    • 8.7 Global Climate and Microclimate
      • 8.7.1 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Human Modifications of Climate
      • 8.7.2 Microclimate
      • 8.7.3 Effects of Urbanization on Microclimate
    • 8.8 Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
      • 8.8.1 Photochemical Processes
      • 8.8.2 Ions and Radicals in the Atmosphere
      • 8.8.3 Ions at Lower Altitudes in the Troposphere
      • 8.8.4 Free Radicals
      • 8.8.5 Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals in the Atmosphere
    • 8.9 Acid–Base Reactions in the Atmosphere
    • 8.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen
      • 8.10.1 Tropospheric Ozone in the Unpolluted Atmosphere
    • 8.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen
    • 8.12 Atmospheric Water
    • 8.13 Influence of the Anthrosphere
    • 8.14 Chemical Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 9 Particles in the Atmosphere
    • 9.1 Particles in the Atmosphere
    • 9.2 Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere
      • 9.2.1 Size and Settling of Atmospheric Particles
    • 9.3 Physical Processes for Particle Formation
    • 9.4 Chemical Processes for Particle Formation
      • 9.4.1 Inorganic Particles
      • 9.4.2 Organic Particles
    • 9.5 The Composition of Inorganic Particles
      • 9.5.1 Fly Ash
      • 9.5.2 Asbestos
    • 9.6 Toxic Metals in the Atmosphere
      • 9.6.1 Atmospheric Mercury
      • 9.6.2 Atmospheric Lead
      • 9.6.3 Atmospheric Beryllium
    • 9.7 Radioactive Particles
    • 9.8 Organic Particles in the Atmosphere
      • 9.8.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
      • 9.8.2 Carbonaceous Particles from Diesel Engines
    • 9.9 Effects of Particles
      • 9.9.1 The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Health Effects
      • 9.9.2 Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Substances between Air and Particles
    • 9.10 Water as Particulate Matter
    • 9.11 Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles
    • 9.12 Control of Particle Emissions
      • 9.12.1 Particle Removal by Sedimentation and Inertia
      • 9.12.2 Particle Filtration
      • 9.12.3 Scrubbers
      • 9.12.4 Electrostatic Removal
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 10 Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants
    • 10.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases
    • 10.2 Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide
      • 10.2.1 Control of Carbon Monoxide Emissions
    • 10.3 Fate of Atmospheric CO
    • 10.4 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle
    • 10.5 Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere
      • 10.5.1 Effects of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide
      • 10.5.2 Sulfur Dioxide Removal
      • 10.5.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion for Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide Recovery
    • 10.6 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere
      • 10.6.1 Atmospheric Reactions of NOx
      • 10.6.2 Harmful Effects of Nitrogen Oxides
      • 10.6.3 Control of Nitrogen Oxides
      • 10.6.4 Limiting Production of Nitrogen Oxides
      • 10.6.5 Removal of Nitrogen Oxides from Stack Gas
    • 10.7 Acid Rain
    • 10.8 Ammonia in the Atmosphere
    • 10.9 Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds
      • 10.9.1 Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride
      • 10.9.2 Hydrogen Chloride in the Atmosphere
    • 10.10 Reduced Sulfur Gases
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 11 Organic Air Pollutants
    • 11.1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
      • 11.1.1 Loss of Organic Substances from the Atmosphere
      • 11.1.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants
      • 11.1.3 Global Distillation and Fractionation of POPs
    • 11.2 Biogenic Organic Compounds
      • 11.2.1 Biogenic Methane
      • 11.2.2 Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Plants
      • 11.2.3 Removal of Atmospheric Organic Compounds by Plants
    • 11.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons
      • 11.3.1 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
      • 11.3.2 Reactions of Atmospheric Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    • 11.4 Carbonyl Compounds
    • 11.5 Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds
      • 11.5.1 Alcohols
      • 11.5.2 Phenols
      • 11.5.3 Ethers
      • 11.5.4 Oxides
      • 11.5.5 Carboxylic Acids
    • 11.6 Organonitrogen Compounds
    • 11.7 Organohalide Compounds
      • 11.7.1 CFCs and Halons
      • 11.7.2 Atmospheric Reactions of Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
      • 11.7.3 Perfluorocarbons
      • 11.7.4 Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans
    • 11.8 Organosulfur Compounds
    • 11.9 Organic Particulate Matter
    • 11.10 Hazardous Air Pollutant Organic Compounds
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 12 Photochemical Smog
    • 12.1 Reduced Visibility When the Sun Shines
    • 12.2 Smog-Forming Emissions
      • 12.2.1 Control of Exhaust Hydrocarbons
      • 12.2.2 Automotive Emission Standards
      • 12.2.3 Polluting Green Plants
    • 12.3 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
      • 12.3.1 Photochemical Reactions of Methane
      • 12.3.2 Addition Reactions in the Atmosphere
    • 12.4 Overview of Smog Formation
    • 12.5 Mechanisms of Smog Formation
      • 12.5.1 Nitrate Radical
      • 12.5.2 Photolyzable Compounds in the Atmosphere
    • 12.6 Reactivity of Hydrocarbons
    • 12.7 Importance of HOx/VOC Ratios
    • 12.8 Inorganic Products from Smog
    • 12.9 Effects of Smog
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 13 The Endangered Global Atmosphere
    • 13.1 Saving the Atmosphere to Save Ourselves
      • 13.1.1 Preservation of the Atmosphere’s Natural Capital
    • 13.2 Earth’s Evolving Atmosphere and Climate Change
      • 13.2.1 Changes in Climate
    • 13.3 Effects of the Anthrosphere on the Atmosphere and Climate
    • 13.4 The Greatest Threat to the Atmosphere and Earth System: Global Warming
      • 13.4.1 Methane and Other Greenhouse Gases
      • 13.4.2 Particles and Global Warming
    • 13.5 Consequences of Global Climate Change
      • 13.5.1 Increasing Temperature
      • 13.5.2 Passing the Tipping Points
      • 13.5.3 Loss of Ice Cover
      • 13.5.4 Glaciers and Water Supply
      • 13.5.5 Expansion of Subtropical Arid Regions and Drought
      • 13.5.6 Some Other Effects of Global Climate Change
    • 13.6 Green Science and Technology to Alleviate Global Warming
      • 13.6.1 Minimization
      • 13.6.2 Counteracting Measures
      • 13.6.3 Adaptation
    • 13.7 Acid Rain
    • 13.8 Stratospheric Ozone Destruction
      • 13.8.1 Shielding Effect of the Ozone Layer
      • 13.8.2 Ozone Layer Destruction
      • 13.8.3 Green Chemistry Solutions to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
    • 13.9 Atmospheric Brown Clouds
      • 13.9.1 Yellow Dust
    • 13.10 Atmospheric Damage by Photochemical Smog
    • 13.11 The Urban Aerosol
    • 13.12 Nuclear Winter
      • 13.12.1 “Doomsday Visitors” from Space
    • 13.13 What Is to Be Done?
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 14 The Geosphere and Geochemistry
    • 14.1 The Geosphere
      • 14.1.1 The Fragile Solid Earth and Its Relationship with the Other Environmental Spheres
    • 14.2 Physical Form of the Geosphere
      • 14.2.1 Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift
      • 14.2.2 Structural Geology
    • 14.3 The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere
      • 14.3.1 Structure and Properties of Minerals
      • 14.3.2 Kinds of Minerals
      • 14.3.3 Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rock in the Rock Cycle
      • 14.3.4 Rock Cycle
    • 14.4 Geochemistry and Weathering of Rock in the Geosphere
      • 14.4.1 Physical Aspects of Weathering
      • 14.4.2 Chemical Weathering
      • 14.4.3 Biological Aspects of Weathering
    • 14.5 Clays: Especially Important Weathering Products and Secondary Minerals
    • 14.6 Sediments
    • 14.7 Groundwater in the Geosphere
      • 14.7.1 Water Wells
      • 14.7.2 Water Wells and the Arsenic Problem
    • 14.8 The Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital
    • 14.9 Environmental Phenomena of the Geosphere
      • 14.9.1 Natural Hazards
      • 14.9.2 Anthropogenic Hazards
    • 14.10 Volcanoes
    • 14.11 Earthquakes
    • 14.12 Surface Earth Movement
    • 14.13 Effects of Human Activities
      • 14.13.1 Extraction of Geospheric Resources: Surface Mining
      • 14.13.2 Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction
    • 14.14 Air Pollution and the Geosphere
    • 14.15 Water Pollution and the Geosphere
    • 14.16 The Geosphere as a Waste Repository
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 15 Soil: Earth’s Lifeline
    • 15.1 Have You Thanked a Clod Today?
      • 15.1.1 What Is Soil?
      • 15.1.2 Agriculture and Soil
    • 15.2 Structure of Soil
    • 15.3 Composition of Soil
      • 15.3.1 Water in Soil
      • 15.3.2 The Soil Solution
      • 15.3.3 Air in Soil
      • 15.3.4 Inorganic Solids in Soil
      • 15.3.5 Soil Organic Matter
    • 15.4 Acid–Base and Ion-Exchange Reactions in Soil
      • 15.4.1 Acid–Base Reactions of Soil
      • 15.4.2 Adjustment of Soil Acidity
      • 15.4.3 Ion-Exchange Equilibria in Soil
    • 15.5 Macronutrients in Soil
      • 15.5.1 Sulfur in Soil and as a Macronutrient
    • 15.6 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil
      • 15.6.1 Nitrogen
      • 15.6.2 Phosphorus
      • 15.6.3 Potassium
    • 15.7 Micronutrients in Soil
    • 15.8 Fertilizers
      • 15.8.1 Fertilizer Pollution
    • 15.9 Pesticides and Their Residues in Soil
      • 15.9.1 Soil Fumigants
    • 15.10 Wastes and Pollutants and Their Degradation on Soil
      • 15.10.1 Soil Pollutants from Livestock Production
      • 15.10.2 Biodegradation and the Rhizosphere
    • 15.11 Soil Loss and Degradation
      • 15.11.1 Soil Sustainability and Water Resources
    • 15.12 Saving the Land
      • 15.12.1 Agroforestry
      • 15.12.2 Soil Restoration
      • 15.12.3 Poduculture in Soil Restoration
    • 15.13 Green Chemistry and Sustainable Agriculture
    • 15.14 Genetics and Agriculture
      • 15.14.1 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
      • 15.14.2 The Major Transgenic Crops and Their Characteristics
      • 15.14.3 Crops versus Pests
      • 15.14.4 Future Crops
    • 15.15 Agriculture and Health
      • 15.15.1 Food Contamination
    • 15.16 Protecting the Food Supply from Attack
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 16 The Anthrosphere: Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry
    • 16.1 Changing the Bad Old Ways
    • 16.2 Green Chemistry
    • 16.3 Reduction of Risk: Hazard and Exposure
      • 16.3.1 The Risks of Not Taking Risks
    • 16.4 Waste Prevention and Green Chemistry
    • 16.5 Green Chemistry and Synthetic Chemistry
      • 16.5.1 Yield and Atom Economy
    • 16.6 Feedstocks
      • 16.6.1 Biological Feedstocks
    • 16.7 Reagents
    • 16.8 Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reagents
    • 16.9 Media and Solvents
      • 16.9.1 Water, the Greenest Solvent
      • 16.9.2 Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent
      • 16.9.3 Gas-Expanded Solvents
    • 16.10 Enhancing Reactions
    • 16.11 Industrial Ecology
    • 16.12 The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem
    • 16.13 Industrial Metabolism
    • 16.14 The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem
    • 16.15 Attributes of Successful Industrial Ecosystems
      • 16.15.1 Diversity
    • 16.16 Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology
    • 16.17 Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop
      • 16.17.1 Product Stewardship
      • 16.17.2 Embedded Utility
    • 16.18 Design for Environment
      • 16.18.1 Products, Processes, and Facilities
      • 16.18.2 Key Factors in Design for Environment
      • 16.18.3 Hazardous Materials in Design for Environment
    • 16.19 Inherent Safety
      • 16.19.1 Increased Safety with Smaller Size
    • 16.20 Industrial Ecology and Ecological Engineering
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 17 Resources and Sustainable Materials
    • 17.1 Where to Get the Stuff We Need?
    • 17.2 Extraction of Materials from the Geosphere
    • 17.3 Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction
    • 17.4 Sustainable Utilization of Geospheric Mineral Resources
      • 17.4.1 Metals
    • 17.5 Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology
      • 17.5.1 Aluminum
      • 17.5.2 Chromium
      • 17.5.3 Copper
      • 17.5.4 Cobalt
      • 17.5.5 Lead
      • 17.5.6 Lithium
      • 17.5.7 Zinc
      • 17.5.8 Rare Earths
    • 17.6 Nonmetal Mineral Resources
    • 17.7 Phosphates
    • 17.8 Sulfur
      • 17.8.1 Gypsum
    • 17.9 Wood: An Abundant Renewable Resource
    • 17.10 Extending Resources with Industrial Ecology
      • 17.10.1 Metals
      • 17.10.2 Plastics and Rubber
      • 17.10.3 Lubricating Oil
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 18 Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything
    • 18.1 The Energy Problem
    • 18.2 Nature of Energy
    • 18.3 Sustainable Energy: Away from the Sun and Back Again
      • 18.3.1 The Brief Era of Fossil Fuels
      • 18.3.2 Back to the Sun
    • 18.4 Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere: Present and Future
    • 18.5 Energy Devices and Conversions
      • 18.5.1 Fuel Cells
    • 18.6 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources
      • 18.6.1 Renewable Energy
    • 18.7 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas Liquids
      • 18.7.1 Heavy Oil
      • 18.7.2 Shale Oil
      • 18.7.3 Natural Gas Liquids
    • 18.8 Natural Gas
    • 18.9 Coal
      • 18.9.1 Coal Conversion
    • 18.10 Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization
    • 18.11 The Great Plains Synfuels Plant: Industrial Ecology in Practice to Produce Energy and Chemicals
    • 18.12 Nuclear Energy
      • 18.12.1 Thorium-Fueled Reactors
      • 18.12.2 Nuclear Fusion
    • 18.13 Geothermal Energy
    • 18.14 The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source
      • 18.14.1 Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
      • 18.14.2 Artificial Photosynthesis for Capturing Solar Energy
    • 18.15 Energy from Earth’s Two Great Fluids in Motion
      • 18.15.1 The Success of Wind Power
      • 18.15.2 Energy from Moving Water
      • 18.15.3 Energy from Moving Water without Dams
    • 18.16 Biomass Energy: An Overview of Biofuels and Their Resources
      • 18.16.1 Processing of Biofuel to More Compact Forms
      • 18.16.2 Decarbonization with Biomass Utilization
      • 18.16.3 Conversion of Biomass to Other Fuels
      • 18.16.4 Ethanol Fuel
      • 18.16.5 Biodiesel Fuel
      • 18.16.6 Fuel from Algae
      • 18.16.7 The Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels
      • 18.16.8 Chemical Conversion of Biomass to Synthetic Fuels
      • 18.16.9 Biogas
      • 18.16.10 Biorefineries and Utilizing Biomass for Energy
      • 18.16.11 A System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production from Renewable Sources
    • 18.17 Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy
    • 18.18 Combined Power Cycles
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 19 The Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
    • 19.1 Introduction
      • 19.1.1 History of Hazardous Substances
      • 19.1.2 Legislation
    • 19.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes
      • 19.2.1 Characteristics and Listed Wastes
      • 19.2.2 Hazardous Wastes
      • 19.2.3 Hazardous Wastes and Air and Water Pollution Control
    • 19.3 Sources of Wastes
      • 19.3.1 Types of Hazardous Wastes
      • 19.3.2 Hazardous Waste Generators
    • 19.4 Flammable and Combustible Substances
      • 19.4.1 Combustion of Finely Divided Particles
      • 19.4.2 Oxidizers
      • 19.4.3 Spontaneous Ignition
      • 19.4.4 Toxic Products of Combustion
    • 19.5 Reactive Substances
      • 19.5.1 Chemical Structure and Reactivity
    • 19.6 Corrosive Substances
      • 19.6.1 Sulfuric Acid
    • 19.7 Toxic Substances
      • 19.7.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
    • 19.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes
    • 19.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
    • 19.10 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes
    • 19.11 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes
      • 19.11.1 Physical Properties of Wastes
      • 19.11.2 Chemical Factors
      • 19.11.3 Effects of Hazardous Wastes
      • 19.11.4 Fates of Hazardous Wastes
    • 19.12 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere
    • 19.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere
    • 19.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere
    • 19.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere
    • 19.16 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere
      • 19.16.1 Microbial Metabolism in Waste Degradation
      • 19.16.2 Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Wastes
    • 19.17 Hazardous Substances in Terrorism
      • 19.17.1 Detection of Hazardous Substances
      • 19.17.2 Removing Hazardous Agents
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 20 Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment
    • 20.1 Introduction
    • 20.2 Waste Reduction and Minimization
    • 20.3 Recycling
      • 20.3.1 Examples of Recycling
      • 20.3.2 Waste Oil Utilization and Recovery
      • 20.3.3 Waste Oil Fuel
      • 20.3.4 Waste Solvent Recovery and Recycle
      • 20.3.5 Recovery of Water from Wastewater
    • 20.4 Physical Methods of Waste Treatment
      • 20.4.1 Methods of Physical Treatment
      • 20.4.2 Phase Separations
      • 20.4.3 Phase Transition
      • 20.4.4 Phase Transfer
      • 20.4.5 Molecular Separation
    • 20.5 Chemical Treatment: An Overview
      • 20.5.1 Acid/Base Neutralization
      • 20.5.2 Chemical Precipitation
      • 20.5.3 Coprecipitation of Metals
      • 20.5.4 Oxidation/Reduction
      • 20.5.5 Electrolysis
      • 20.5.6 Hydrolysis
      • 20.5.7 Chemical Extraction and Leaching
      • 20.5.8 Ion Exchange
    • 20.6 Green Waste Treatment by Photolysis and Sonolysis
    • 20.7 Thermal Treatment Methods
      • 20.7.1 Incineration Systems
      • 20.7.2 Wet Air Oxidation
      • 20.7.3 UV-Enhanced Wet Oxidation
      • 20.7.4 Destruction of Hazardous Wastes in Cement Manufacture
    • 20.8 Biodegradation of Wastes
    • 20.9 Phytoremediation
    • 20.10 Land Treatment and Composting
      • 20.10.1 Land Treatment
      • 20.10.2 Composting
    • 20.11 Preparation of Wastes for Disposal
    • 20.12 Ultimate Disposal of Wastes
      • 20.12.1 Disposal Aboveground
      • 20.12.2 Landfill
      • 20.12.3 Surface Impoundment of Liquids
      • 20.12.4 Deep-Well Disposal of Liquids
    • 20.13 Leachate and Gas Emissions
    • 20.14 In Situ Treatment
      • 20.14.1 In Situ Thermal Processes
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 21 The Biosphere: Environmental Biochemistry
    • 21.1 Life and the Biosphere
      • 21.1.1 The Biosphere in Stabilizing the Earth System: The Gaia Hypothesis
    • 21.2 Metabolism and Control in Organisms
      • 21.2.1 Enzymes in Metabolism
      • 21.2.2 Nutrients
      • 21.2.3 Control in Organisms
    • 21.3 Reproduction and Inherited Traits
    • 21.4 Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere
    • 21.5 Biochemistry
      • 21.5.1 Biomolecules
    • 21.6 Biochemistry and the Cell
      • 21.6.1 Major Cell Features
    • 21.7 Proteins
      • 21.7.1 Protein Structure
      • 21.7.2 Denaturation of Proteins
    • 21.8 Carbohydrates
    • 21.9 Lipids
    • 21.10 Enzymes
    • 21.11 Nucleic Acids
      • 21.11.1 Nucleic Acids in Protein Synthesis
      • 21.11.2 Modified DNA
    • 21.12 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
    • 21.13 Metabolic Processes
      • 21.13.1 Energy-Yielding Processes
    • 21.14 Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds
      • 21.14.1 Phase I and Phase II Reactions
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 22 Toxicological Chemistry
    • 22.1 Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry
      • 22.1.1 Toxicology
      • 22.1.2 Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism
    • 22.2 Dose–Response Relationships
    • 22.3 Relative Toxicities
      • 22.3.1 Nonlethal Effects
    • 22.4 Reversibility and Sensitivity
      • 22.4.1 Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity
    • 22.5 Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances
    • 22.6 Toxicological Chemistry
      • 22.6.1 Toxicants in the Body
      • 22.6.2 Phase I Reactions
      • 22.6.3 Phase II Reactions
    • 22.7 Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase
      • 22.7.1 Kinetic Phase
      • 22.7.2 Dynamic Phase
      • 22.7.3 Primary Reaction in the Dynamic Phase
      • 22.7.4 Biochemical Effects in the Dynamic Phase
      • 22.7.5 Responses to Toxicants
    • 22.8 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects on the Immune and Reproductive Systems
      • 22.8.1 Teratogenesis
      • 22.8.2 Mutagenesis
      • 22.8.3 Biochemistry of Mutagenesis
      • 22.8.4 Carcinogenesis
      • 22.8.5 Biochemistry of Carcinogenesis
      • 22.8.6 Alkylating Agents in Carcinogenesis
      • 22.8.7 Testing for Carcinogens
      • 22.8.8 Bruce Ames Test
      • 22.8.9 Immune System Response
      • 22.8.10 Endocrine Disruption
    • 22.9 Health Hazards
      • 22.9.1 Assessment of Potential Exposure
      • 22.9.2 Epidemiological Evidence
      • 22.9.3 Estimation of Health Effects Risks
      • 22.9.4 Risk Assessment
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 23 Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
    • 23.1 Introduction
      • 23.1.1 ATSDR Toxicological Profiles
    • 23.2 Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms
      • 23.2.1 Ozone
      • 23.2.2 White Phosphorus
      • 23.2.3 Elemental Halogens
      • 23.2.4 Heavy Metals
    • 23.3 Toxic Inorganic Compounds
      • 23.3.1 Cyanide
      • 23.3.2 Carbon Monoxide
      • 23.3.3 Nitrogen Oxides
      • 23.3.4 Hydrogen Halides
      • 23.3.5 Hydrogen Fluoride
      • 23.3.6 Hydrogen Chloride
      • 23.3.7 Interhalogen Compounds and Halogen Oxides
      • 23.3.8 Inorganic Compounds of Silicon
      • 23.3.9 Asbestos
      • 23.3.10 Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds
      • 23.3.11 Inorganic Compounds of Sulfur
      • 23.3.12 Perchlorate
      • 23.3.13 Organometallic Compounds
      • 23.3.14 Organolead Compounds
      • 23.3.15 Organotin Compounds
      • 23.3.16 Carbonyls
      • 23.3.17 Reaction Products of Organometallic Compounds
    • 23.4 Toxicology of Organic Compounds
      • 23.4.1 Alkane Hydrocarbons
      • 23.4.2 Alkene and Alkyne Hydrocarbons
      • 23.4.3 Benzene and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
      • 23.4.4 Toluene
      • 23.4.5 Naphthalene
      • 23.4.6 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
      • 23.4.7 Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds
        • 23.4.7.1 Oxides
        • 23.4.7.2 Alcohols
        • 23.4.7.3 Phenols
        • 23.4.7.4 Aldehydes and Ketones
        • 23.4.7.5 Carboxylic Acids
        • 23.4.7.6 Ethers
        • 23.4.7.7 Acid Anhydrides
        • 23.4.7.8 Esters
      • 23.4.8 Organonitrogen Compounds
        • 23.4.8.1 Aliphatic Amines
        • 23.4.8.2 Carbocyclic Aromatic Amines
        • 23.4.8.3 Pyridine
        • 23.4.8.4 Melamine
        • 23.4.8.5 Acrylamide: Toxic Potato Chips?
        • 23.4.8.6 Nitriles
        • 23.4.8.7 Nitro Compounds
        • 23.4.8.8 Nitrosamines
        • 23.4.8.9 Isocyanates and Methyl Isocyanate
        • 23.4.8.10 Organonitrogen Pesticides
      • 23.4.9 Organohalide Compounds
        • 23.4.9.1 Alkyl Halides
        • 23.4.9.2 Alkenyl Halides
        • 23.4.9.3 Aryl Halides
      • 23.4.10 Organohalide Pesticides
        • 23.4.10.1 TCDD
        • 23.4.10.2 Chlorinated Phenols
      • 23.4.11 Organosulfur Compounds
        • 23.4.11.1 Sulfur Mustards
      • 23.4.12 Organophosphorus Compounds
        • 23.4.12.1 Organophosphate Esters
        • 23.4.12.2 Phosphorothionate and Phosphorodithioate Ester Insecticides
        • 23.4.12.3 Organophosphorus Military Poisons
    • 23.5 Toxic Natural Products
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Chapter 24 Chemical Analysis in Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry
    • 24.1 Analytical Chemistry
    • 24.2 The Chemical Analysis Process
    • 24.3 Major Categories of Chemical Analysis
    • 24.4 Error and Treatment of Data
    • 24.5 Gravimetric and Volumetric Analyses
    • 24.6 Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis
      • 24.6.1 Absorption Spectrophotometry
      • 24.6.2 Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses
      • 24.6.3 Atomic Emission Techniques
    • 24.7 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
    • 24.8 Chromatography
      • 24.8.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
      • 24.8.2 Ion Chromatography
    • 24.9 Methods for Water Analysis
    • 24.10 Mass Spectrometry
    • 24.11 Automated Analyses
    • 24.12 Immunoassay Screening
    • 24.13 Total Organic Carbon in Water
    • 24.14 Measurement of Radioactivity in Water
    • 24.15 Analysis of Wastes and Solids
      • 24.15.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
    • 24.16 Atmospheric Monitoring
      • 24.16.1 Methods for Sampling and Analyzing Atmospheric Pollutants
      • 24.16.2 Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide by Infrared Absorption
      • 24.16.3 Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics in the Atmosphere
      • 24.16.4 Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants
    • 24.17 Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics
      • 24.17.1 Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics
      • 24.17.2 Immunological Methods of Xenobiotics Analysis
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Questions and Problems
  • Index

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