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交互式计算机图形学——自顶向下方法与Open

暂无简介
作者：
[美] Edward Angel
定价：
54.00元
出版时间：
2003-10-28
ISBN：
978-7-04-013724-8
物料号：
13724-00
读者对象：
高等教育
一级分类：
计算机/教育技术类
二级分类：
计算机类专业核心课程
三级分类：
计算机图形学
重点项目：
暂无
版面字数：
900.000千字
开本：
特殊
全书页数：
719页
装帧形式：
平装
  • Preface xxiii
  • CHAPIER 1 Graphics Systems and Models
    • 1.1 Applications of Computer Graphics
      • 1.1.1 Display of Information
      • 1.1.2 Design
      • 1.1.3 Simulation and Animation
      • 1.1.4 User Interfaces
    • 1.2 A Graphics System
      • 1.2.1 Pixels and the Frame Buffer
      • 1.2.2 Output Devices
      • 1.2.3 Input Devices
    • 1.3 Images: Physical and Synthetic
      • 1.3.1 Objects and Viewers
      • 1.3.2 Light and Images
      • 1.3.3 Ray Tracing
    • 1.4 The Human Visual System
    • 1.5 The Pinhole Camera
    • 1.6 The Synthetic-Camera Model
    • 1.7 The Programmer’s Interface
      • 1.7.1 Application Programmer’s Interfaces
      • 1.7.2 The Pen-Plotter Model
      • 1.7.3 Three-Dimensional APIs
      • 1.7.4 A Sequence of Images
      • 1.7.5 The Modeling-Rendering Paradigm
    • 1.8 Graphics Architectures
      • 1.8.1 Display Processors
      • 1.8.2 Pipeline Architectures
      • 1.8.3 Transformations
      • 1.8.4 Clipping
      • 1.8.5 Projection
      • 1.8.6 Rasterization
      • 1.8.7 Performance Characteristics
    • 1.9 Summary and Notes
    • 1.10 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER 2 Graphics Programming
    • 2.1 The Sierpinski Gasket
    • Z.2 Programming Two-Dimensional Applications
      • 2.2.1 Coordinate Systems
    • 2.3 The OpenGL API
      • 2.3.1 Graphics Functions
      • 2.3.2 The Graphics Pipeline and State Machines
      • 2.3.3 The OpenGL Interface
    • 2.4 Primitives and Attributes
      • 2.4.1 Polygon Basics
      • 2.4.2 Polygon Types in OpenGL
      • 2.4.3 Drawing a Sphere
      • 2.4.4 Text
      • 2.4.5 Curved Objects
      • 2.4.6 Attributes
    • 2.5 Color
      • 2.5.1 RGB Color
      • 2.5.2 Indexed Color
      • 2.5.3 Setting of Color Attributes
    • 2.6 Viewing
      • 2.6.1 Two-Dimensional Viewing
      • 2.6.2 The Orthographic View
      • 2.6.3 Matrix Modes
    • 2.7 Control Functions
      • 2.7.1 Interaction with the Window System
      • 2.7.2 Aspect Ratio and Viewports
      • 2.7.3 The main, display, and myinit Functions
      • 2.7.4 Program Structure
    • 2.8 The Gasket Program
    • 2.9 Polygons and Recursion
    • 2.10 The Three-Dimensional Gasket
      • 2.10.1 Use of Three-Dimensional Points
      • 2.10.2 Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions
      • 2.10.3 Hidden-Surface Removal
    • 2.11 Summary and Notes
    • 2.12 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER3 Input and Interaction
    • 3.1 Interaction
    • 3.2 Input Devices
      • 3.2.1 Physical Input Devices
      • 3.2.2 Logical Devices
      • 3.2.3 Measure and Trigger
      • 3.2.4 Input Modes
    • 3.3 Clients and Servers
    • 3.4 Display Lists
      • 3.4.1 Definition and Execution of Display Lists
      • 3.4.2 Text and Display Lists
      • 3.4.3 Fonts in GLUT
    • 3.5 Programming Event-Driven Input
      • 3.5.1 Using the Pointing Device
      • 3.5.2 Window Events
      • 3.5.3 Keyboard Events
      • 3.5.4 The Display and Idle Callbacks
      • 3.5.5 Window Management
    • 3.6 Menus
    • 3.7 Picking
      • 3.7.1 Picking and Selection Mode
    • 3.8 A Simple Paint Program
    • 3.9 Animating Interactive Programs
      • 3.9.1 The Rotating Square
      • 3.9.2 Double Buffering
      • 3.9.3 Other Buffering Problems
    • 3.10 Design of Interactive Programs
      • 3.10.1 Toolkits, Widgets, and the Frame Buffer
    • 3.11 Logic Operations
      • 3.11.1 Drawing Erasable Lines
      • 3.11.2 XOR and Color
      • 3.11.3 Cursors and Overlay Planes
    • 3.12 Summary and Notes
    • 3.13 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CNAPIER 4 Geometric 0bjects and Transformations
    • 4.1 Scalars, Points, and Vectors
      • 4.1.1 The Geometric View
      • 4.1.2 Coordinate-Free Geometry
      • 4.1.3 The Mathematical View: Vector and Affine Spaces
      • 4.1.4 The Computer-Science View
      • 4.1.5 Geometric ADTs
      • 4.1.6 Lines
      • 4.1.7 Affine Sums
      • 4.1.8 Convexity
      • 4.1.9 Dot and Cross Products
      • 4.1.10 Planes
    • 4.2 Three-Dimensional Primitives
    • 4.3 Coordinate Systems and Frames
      • 4.3.1 Representations and N-tuples
      • 4.3.2 Changes of Coordinate Systems
      • 4.3.3 Example of Change of Representation
      • 4.3.4 Homogeneous Coordinates
      • 4.3.5 Example of Change in Frames
      • 4.3.6 Working with Representations
      • 4.3.7 Frames and ADTs
      • 4.3.8 Frames in OpenGL
    • 4.4 Modeling a Colored Cube
      • 4.4.1 Modeling of a Cube
      • 4.4.2 Inward-and Outward-Pointing Faces
      • 4.4.3 Data Structures for Object Representation
      • 4.4.4 The Color Cube
      • 4.4.5 Bilinear Interpolation
      • 4.4.6 Vertex Arrays
    • 4.5 Affine Transformations
    • 4.6 Translation, Rotation, and Scaling
      • 4.6.1 Translation
      • 4.6.2 Rotation
      • 4.6.3 Scaling
    • 4.7 Transformations in Homogeneous Coordinates
      • 4.7.1 Translation
      • 4.7.2 Scaling
      • 4.7.3 Rotation
      • 4.7.4 Shear
    • 4.8 Concatenation of Transformations
      • 4.8.1 Rotation About a Fixed Point
      • 4.8.2 General Rotation
      • 4.8.3 The Instance Transformation
      • 4.8.4 Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis
    • 4.9 OpenGL Transformation Matrices
      • 4.9.1 The Current Transformation Matrix
      • 4.9.2 Rotation, Translation, and Scaling
      • 4.9.3 Rotation About a Fixed Point in OpenGL
      • 4.9.4 Order of Transformations
      • 4.9.5 Spinning of the Cube
      • 4.9.6 Loading, Pushing, and Popping Matrices
    • 4.10 Interfaces to Three-Dimensional Applications
      • 4.10.1 Using Areas of the Screen
      • 4.10.2 A Virtual Trackball
      • 4.10.3 Smooth Rotations
      • 4.10.4 Incremental Rotation
    • 4.11 Quaternions 208
      • 4.11.1 Complex Numbers and Quaternions
      • 4.11.2 Quaternions and Rotation
    • 4.12 Summary and Notes
    • 4.13 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER 5 Viewing
    • 5.1 Classical anti Computer Viewing
      • 5.1.1 Classical Viewing
      • 5.1.2 Orthoaranhic Projections
      • 5.1.3 Axonometric Projections
      • 5.1.4 Oblique Projections
      • 5.1.5 Perspective Viewing
    • 5.2 Viewing with
  • Viewing With a Computer
    • 5.3 Positioning of the Camera
      • 5.3.1 Positioning of the Camera Frame
      • 5.3.2 Two Viewing APIs
      • 5.3.3 The Look-At Function
      • 5.3.4 Other Viewing APIs
    • 5.4 Simple Projections
      • 5.4.1 Perspective Projections
      • 5.4.2 Orthogonal Projections
    • 5.5 Projections in OpenGL
      • 5.5.1 Perspective in OpenGL
      • 5.5.2 Parallel Viewing in OpenGL
    • 5.6 Hidden-Surface Removal
      • 5.6.1 Culling
    • 5.7 Walking Through a Scene
    • 5.8 Parallel-Projection Matrices
      • 5.8.1 Projection Normalization
      • 5.8.2 Orthogonal-Projection Matrices
      • 5.8.3 Oblique Projections
    • 5.9 Perspective-Projection Matrices
      • 5.9.1 Perspective Normalization
      • 5.9.2 OpenGL Perspective Transformations
    • 5.10 Projections and Shadows
    • 5.11 Summary and Notes
    • 5.12 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER 6 Shading
    • 6.1 Light and Matter
    • 6.2 Light Sources
      • 6.2.1 Color Sources
      • 6.2.2 Ambient Light
      • 6.2.3 Point Sources
      • 6.2.4 Spotlights
      • 6.2.5 Distant Light Sources
    • 6.3 The Phong Reflection Model
      • 6.3.1 Ambient Reflection
      • 6.3.2 Diffuse Reflection
      • 6.3.3 Specular Reflection
    • 6.4 Computation of Vectors
      • 6.4.1 Normal Vectors
      • 6.4.2 Angle of Reflection
      • 6.4.3 Use of the Halfway Vector
      • 6.4.4 Transmitted Light
    • 6.5 Polygonal Shading
      • 6.5.1 Flat Shading
      • 6.5.2 Interpolative and Gouraud Shading
      • 6.5.3 Phong Shading
    • 6.6 Approximation of a Sphere by Recursive
  • auuaivision
    • 6.7 Light Sources in OpenGL
    • 6.8 Specification of Materials in OpenGL
    • 6.9 Shading of the Sphere Model
    • 6.10 Global Rendering
    • 6.11 Summary and Notes
    • 6.12 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CJAPTER 7 Discrete techniques
    • 7.1 Buffers
    • 7.2 Digital Images
    • 7.3 Writing into Buffers
      • 7.3.1 Writing Modes
      • 7.3.2 Writing with XOR
    • 7.4 Bit and Pixel Operations in OpenGL
      • 7.4.1 OpenGL Buffers and the Pixel Pipeline
      • 7.4.2 Bitmaps
      • 7.4.3 Raster Fonts
      • 7.4.4 Pixels and Images
      • 7.4.5 Lookup Tables
      • 7.4.6 Buffers for Picking
    • 7.5 Mapping Methods
    • 7.6 Texture Mapping
      • 7.6.1 Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping
      • 7.6.2 Texture Mapping in OpenGL
      • 7.6.3 Texture Objects
      • 7.6.4 Multitexturing
      • 7.6.5 Texture Generation
    • 7.7 Environmental Maps
    • 7.8 Bump Maps
    • 7.9 Compositing Techniques
      • 7.9.1 Opacity and Blending
      • 7.9.2 Image Compositing
      • 7.9.3 Blending and Compositing in OpenGL
      • 7.9.4 Antialiasing
      • 7.9.5 Back-to-Front and Front-to-Back Rendering
      • 7.9.6 Depth Cueing and Fog
    • 7.10 Multirendering and the Accumulation Buffer
      • 7.10.1 Scene Antialiasing
      • 7.10.2 Bump Mapping and Embossing
      • 7.10.3 Image Processing
      • 7.10.4 Imaging Extensions
      • 7.10.5 Other Multipass Methods
    • 7.11 Sampling and Aliasing
      • 7.11.1 Sampling Theory
      • 7.11.2 Reconstruction
      • 7.11.3 Quantization
    • 7.12 Summary and Notes
    • 7.13 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER 8 Implemenfafion of a Renderer
    • 8.1 Basic Implementation Strategies
    • 8.2 Four Major Tasks
      • 8.2.1 Modeling
      • 8.2.2 Geometric Processing
      • 8.2.3 Rasterization
      • 8.2.4 Disnlay
    • 8.3 Implementation of Transformations
    • 8.4 Line-Segment Clipping
      • 8.4.1 Cohen-Sutherland Clipping
      • 8.4.2 Liang-Barsky Clipping
    • 8.5 Polygon Clipping
    • 8.6 Clipping of Other Primitives
      • 8.6.1 Bounding Boxes and Volumes
      • 8.6.2 Curves, Surfaces, and Text
      • 8.6.3 Clipping in the Frame Buffer
    • 8.7 Clipping in Three Dimensions
    • 8.8 Hidden-Surface Removal
      • 8.8.1 Object-Space and Image-Space Approaches
      • 8.8.2 Sorting and Hidden-Surface Removal
      • 8.8.3 Back-Face Removal
      • 8.8.4 The z-Buffer Algorithm
      • 8.8.5 Depth Sort and the Painter’s Algorithm
      • 8.8.6 The Scan-Line Algorithm
    • 8.9 Scan Conversion
    • 8.10 Bresenham’s Algorithm
    • 8.11 Scan Conversion of Polygons
      • 8.11.1 Inside-Outside Testing
      • 8.11.2 OpenGL and Concave Polygons
      • 8.11.3 Scan Conversion with the z Buffer
      • 8.11.4 Fill and Sort
      • 8.11.5 Flood Fill
      • 8.11.6 Scan-Line Algorithms
      • 8.11.7 Singularities
    • 8.12 Antialiasing
    • 8.13 Display Considerations
      • 8.13.1 Color Systems
      • 8.13.2 The Color Matrix
      • 8.13.3 Gamma Correction
      • 8.13.4 Dithering and Halftoning
    • 8.14 Summary and Notes
    • 8.15 References
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER 9 Hierarchical and 0bject-Oriented Modeling
    • 9.1 Symbols and Instances
    • 9.2 Hierarchical Models
    • 9.3 A Robot Arm
    • 9.4 Trees and Traversal
      • 9.4.1 A Stack-Based Traversal
    • 9.5 Use of Tree Data Structures
    • 9.6 Animation
    • 9.7 Graphical Objects
      • 9.7.1 Methods, Attributes, and Messages
      • 9.7.2 A Cube Object
      • 9.7.3 Implementing the Cube Object
      • 9.7.4 Objects and Hierarchy
      • 9.7.5 Geometric Objects
    • 9.8 Scene Graphs
    • 9.9 A Simple Scene Graph API
      • 9.9.1 The Node Class
      • 9.9.2 Geometry Nodes
      • 9.9.3 Camera Class
      • 9.9.4 Lights and Materials
      • 9.9.5 Transformations
      • 9.9.6 The Robot Figure
      • 9.9.7 Implementing the Viewer
      • 9.9.8 Implementing a Node
    • 9.10 Other Tree Structures
      • 9.10.1 CSG Trees
      • 9.10.2 Shade Trees
      • 9.10.3 BSP Trees
      • 9.10.4 Quadtrees and Octrees
    • 9.11 Graphics and the Web
      • 9.11.1 Networks and Protocols
      • 9.11.2 Hypermedia and HTML
      • 9.11.3 Databases and VRML
      • 9.11.4 Java and Applets
    • 9.12 Summary and Notes
    • 9.13 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER 10 Curves and Surfaces
    • 10.1 Representation of Curves and Surfaces
      • 10.1.1 Explicit Representation
      • 10.1.2 Implicit Representations
      • 10.1.3 Parametric Form
      • 10.1.4 Parametric Polynomial Curves
      • 10.1.5 Parametric Polynomial Surfaces
    • 10.2 Design Criteria
    • 10.3 Parametric Cubic Polynomial Curves
    • 10.4 Interpolation
      • 10.4.1 Blending Functions
      • 10.4.2 The Cubic Interpolating Patch
    • 10.5 Hermite Curves and Surfaces
      • 10.5.1 The Hermite Form
      • 10.5.2 Geometric and Parametric Continuity
    • 10.6 Bezier Curves and Surfaces
      • 10.6.1 Bezier Curves
      • 10.6.2 Bezier Surface Patches
    • 10.7 Cubic B-Splines
      • 10.7.1 The Cubic B-Spline Curve
      • 10.7.2 B-Splines and Bases
      • 10.7.3 Spline Surfaces
    • 10.8 General B-Splines
      • 10.8.1 Recursively Defined B-Splines
      • 10.8.2 Uniform Splines
      • 10.8.3 Nonuniform B-Splines
      • 10.8.4 NURBS
    • 10.9 Rendering of Curves and Surfaces
      • 10.9.1 Polynomial Evaluation Methods
      • 10.9.2 Recursive Subdivision of Bezier Polynomials
      • 10.9.3 Rendering of Other Polynomial Curvesby Subdivision
      • 10.9.4 Subdivision of Bezier Surfaces
    • 10.10 The Utah Teapot
    • 10.11 Algebraic Surfaces
      • 10.11.1 Quadrics
      • 10.11.2 Rendering of Surfaces by Ray Casting
      • 10.11.3 Subdivision Curves and Surfaces
    • 10.12 Curves and Surfaces in OpenGL
      • 10.12.1 Bezier Curves
      • 10.12.2 Bezier Surfaces
      • 10.12.3 Displaying the Teapot
      • 10.12.4 NURBS Functions
      • 10.12.5 Quadrics
    • 10.13 Summary and Notes
    • 10.14 References and Notes
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER 11 Procedural Methods
    • 11.1 Reasons for Using Procedural Models
    • 11.2 Physically Based Models and Particle Systems
    • 11.3 Newtonian Particles
      • 11.3.1 Independent Particles
      • 11.3.2 Spring Forces
      • 11.3.3 Attractive and Repulsive Forces
    • 11.4 Solving Particle Systems
    • 11.5 Constraints
      • 11.5.1 Collisions
      • 11.5.2 Particles Inside a Sphere
      • 11.5.3 Soft constraints
    • 11.6 Language-Based Models
    • 11.7 Recursive Methods and Fractals
      • 11.7.1 Rulers and Length
      • 11.7.2 Fractal Dimension
      • 11.7.3 Midpoint Division and Brownian Motion
      • 11.7.4 Fractal Mountains
    • 11.8 The Mandelbrot Set
    • 11.9 Summary and Notes
    • 11.10 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER 12 Visualization
    • 12.1 Data＋Geometry
    • 12.2 Height Fields and Contours
      • 12.2.1 Meshes
      • 12.2.2 Contour Plots
      • 12.2.3 Marching Squares
    • 12.3 Visualizing Surfaces and Scalar Fields
      • 12.3.1 Volumetric Data Sets
      • 12.3.2 Visualization of Implicit Functions
    • 12.4 Isosurfaces and Marching Cubes
    • 12.5 Mesh Simplification
    • 12.6 Direct Volume Rendering
      • 12.6.1 Assignment of Color and Opacity
      • 12.6.2 Splatting
      • 12.6.3 Volume Ray Tracing
      • 12.6.4 Texture Mapping of Volumes
    • 12.7 Vector-Field Visualization
      • 12.7.1 Hedgehogs
      • 12.7.2 Glyphs
      • 12.7.3 Color
      • 12.7.4 Particle Traces and Streamlines
    • 12.8 Tensor Visualization
    • 12.9 Summary and Notes
    • 12.10 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • CHAPTER 13 Advanced Rendering
    • 13.1 Going Beyond Pipeline Rendering
    • 13.2 Ray Tracing
    • 13.3 Building a Simple Ray Tracer
      • 13.3.1 Recursive Ray Tracing
      • 13.3.2 Calculating Intersections
      • 13.3.3 Ray-Tracing Variations
    • 13.4 The Rendering Equation
    • 13.5 Radiosity
      • 13.5.1 The Radiosity Equation
      • 13.5.2 Solving the Radiosity Equation
      • 13.5.3 Computing Form Factors
      • 13.5.4 Carrying Out Radiosity
    • 13.6 RenderMan
    • 13.7 Large-Scale Rendering
      • 13.7.1 Sort-Middle Rendering
      • 13.7.2 Sort-Last Rendering
      • 13.7.3 Sort-First Rendering
    • 13.8 Image-Based Rendering
      • 13.8.1 A Simple Example
    • 13.9 Summary and Notes
    • 13.10 Suggested Readings
  • Exerdses
  • APPENDIX A Sample Programs
    • A.1 Sierpinski Gasket Program
    • A.2 Recursive Generation of Sierpinski Gasket
    • A.3 Three-Dimensional Sierpinski Gasket
    • A.4 Recursive Three-Dimensional Sierpinski Gasket
    • A.5 Square Drawing Program
    • A.6 Paint Program
    • A.7 Double-Buffering Example
    • A.8 Selection-Mode Picking Program
    • A.9 Rotating-Cube Program
    • A.10 Rotating Cube Using Vertex Arrays
    • A.11 Rotating Cube with a Virtual Trackball
    • A.12 Moving Viewer
    • A.13 Sphere Program
    • A.14 Pixel-Reading Program
    • A.15 Rotating Cube with Texture
    • A.16 Scene-Graph Example
    • A.17 Program for Drawing Bezier Curves
  • APPENDIX B Spaces
    • B.1 Scalars
    • B.2 Vector Spaces
    • B.3 Affine Spaces
    • B.4 Euclidean Spaces
    • B.5 Projections
    • B.6 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
    • B.7 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • APPENDIX C Matrices
    • C.1 Definitions
    • C.2 Matrix Operations
    • C.3 Row and Column Matrices
    • C.4 Rank
    • C.5 Change of Representation
    • C.6 The Cross Product
    • C.7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
    • C.8 Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
  • References
  • function Index
  • Subject Index

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