环境化学（第十版）（影印版）

前辅文

Chapter 1 Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment

1.1 Earth and the Earth System
1.2 Biogeochemical Cycles in the Earth System
- 1.2.1 Oxygen Cycle
- 1.2.2 Nitrogen Cycle
- 1.2.3 Sulfur Cycle
- 1.2.4 Phosphorus Cycle
1.3 Natural Capital of the Earth System
1.4 What Is Environmental Chemistry?
- 1.4.1 Environmental Chemistry and the Spheres of the Earth System
1.5 Environmental Chemistry of Water and the Hydrosphere
- 1.5.1 Water Pollution
- 1.5.2 Water Treatment
1.6 Environmental Chemistry of Air and the Atmosphere
- 1.6.1 Atmospheric Chemistry
- 1.6.2 Air Pollution
1.7 Environmental Chemistry of the Geosphere
- 1.7.1 The Geosphere and Natural Capital
- 1.7.2 Soil
- 1.7.3 Chemical Composition of Soil
1.8 Environmental Chemistry of the Anthrosphere
- 1.8.1 Chemistry and the Anthrosphere
- 1.8.2 Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry in the Anthrosphere
1.9 Environmental Chemistry of the Biosphere
- 1.9.1 Biomaterials from the Biosphere
- 1.9.2 Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 1.9.3 Exposure to Toxic Substances
1.10 As We Enter the Anthropocene
- 1.10.1 Environmental Priorities for the Sustainocene
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 2 The Hydrosphere and Water Chemistry

2.1 Water: An Essential Part of Earth’s Natural Capital
2.2 Sources and Uses of Water
- 2.2.1 The Groundwater Crisis
2.3 H2O: Simple Formula, Remarkable Molecule
2.4 Life in Water
2.5 Chemistry of Water
2.6 Gases in Water
- 2.6.1 Oxygen in Water
2.7 Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water
- 2.7.1 Carbon Dioxide in Water
2.8 Alkalinity
- 2.8.1 Contributors to Alkalinity at Different pH Values
- 2.8.2 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Alkalinity
- 2.8.3 Influence of Alkalinity on CO2 Solubility
2.9 Calcium and Other Metals in Water
- 2.9.1 Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids
- 2.9.2 Calcium in Water
- 2.9.3 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate Minerals
2.10 Complexation and Chelation
- 2.10.1 Occurrence and Importance of Chelating Agents in Water
2.11 Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes
- 2.11.1 Selectivity and Specificity in Chelation
2.12 Calculations of Species Concentrations
2.13 Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands
2.14 Complexation by Protonated Ligands
2.15 Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA
- 2.15.1 Reaction of NTA with Metal Carbonate
- 2.15.2 Effect of Calcium Ion on the Reaction of Chelating Agents with Slightly Soluble Salts
2.16 Polyphosphates and Phosphonates in Water
- 2.16.1 Polyphosphates
- 2.16.2 Hydrolysis of Polyphosphates
- 2.16.3 Complexation by Polyphosphates
- 2.16.4 Phosphonates
2.17 Complexation by Humic Substances
2.18 Complexation and Redox Processes
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 3 Oxidation/Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry

3.1 The Significance of Oxidation/Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry
3.2 The Electron and Redox Reactions
3.3 Electron Activity and pE
3.4 The Nernst Equation
3.5 Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions
3.6 The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium
3.7 The Relationship of pE to Free Energy
3.8 Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole
3.9 The Limits of pE in Water
3.10 pE Values in Natural Water Systems
3.11 pE–pH Diagrams
3.12 Humic Substances as Natural Reductants
3.13 Photochemical Processes in Oxidation–Reduction
3.14 Corrosion
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 4 Phase Interactions in Aquatic Chemistry

4.1 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water
4.2 Importance and Formation of Sediments
- 4.2.1 Formation of Sediments
- 4.2.2 Organic and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Materials
4.3 Solubilities
- 4.3.1 Solubilities of Solids
- 4.3.2 Solubilities of Gases
4.4 Colloidal Particles in Water
- 4.4.1 Colloids in Water and Contaminant Transport by Colloids
- 4.4.2 Kinds of Colloidal Particles
- 4.4.3 Colloid Stability
4.5 The Colloidal Properties of Clays
4.6 Aggregation of Colloidal Particles
- 4.6.1 Flocculation of Colloids by Polyelectrolytes
- 4.6.2 Flocculation of Bacteria by Polymeric Materials
4.7 Surface Sorption by Solids
4.8 Solute Exchange with Bottom Sediments
- 4.8.1 Trace-Level Metals in Suspended Matter and Sediments
- 4.8.2 Phosphorus Exchange with Bottom Sediments
- 4.8.3 Organic Compounds on Sediments and Suspended Matter
- 4.8.4 Bioavailability of Sediment Contaminants
4.9 Interstitial Water
4.10 Phase Interactions in Chemical Fate and Transport
- 4.10.1 Rivers
- 4.10.2 Lakes and Reservoirs
- 4.10.3 Exchange with the Atmosphere
- 4.10.4 Exchange with Sediments
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 5 Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry

5.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes
- 5.1.1 Microorganisms at Interfaces
5.2 Algae
5.3 Fungi
5.4 Protozoa
5.5 Bacteria
- 5.5.1 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Bacteria
- 5.5.2 Oxic and Anoxic Bacteria
5.6 The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell
5.7 Kinetics of Bacterial Growth
5.8 Bacterial Metabolism
- 5.8.1 Factors Affecting Bacterial Metabolism
- 5.8.2 Microbial Oxidation and Reduction
5.9 Microbial Transformations of Carbon
- 5.9.1 Methane-Forming Bacteria
- 5.9.2 Bacterial Utilization of Hydrocarbons
- 5.9.3 Microbial Utilization of Carbon Monoxide
5.10 Biodegradation of Organic Matter
- 5.10.1 Oxidation
- 5.10.2 Microbial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
- 5.10.3 Other Biochemical Processes in Biodegradation of Organics
5.11 Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen
- 5.11.1 Nitrogen Fixation
- 5.11.2 Nitrification
- 5.11.3 Nitrate Reduction
- 5.11.4 Denitrification
5.12 Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur
- 5.12.1 Phosphorus Compounds
- 5.12.2 Sulfur Compounds
- 5.12.3 Oxidation of H2S and Reduction of Sulfate by Bacteria
- 5.12.4 Microorganism-Mediated Degradation of Organic Sulfur Compounds
5.13 Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides
5.14 Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids
- 5.14.1 Acid Mine Waters
- 5.14.2 Microbial Transitions of Selenium
- 5.14.3 Microbial Corrosion
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 6 Water Pollutants and Water Pollution

6.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants
- 6.1.1 Markers of Water Pollution
6.2 Elemental Pollutants
6.3 Heavy Metals
- 6.3.1 Cadmium
- 6.3.2 Lead
- 6.3.3 Mercury
6.4 Metalloids
6.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids
- 6.5.1 Organotin Compounds
6.6 Inorganic Species
- 6.6.1 Cyanide
- 6.6.2 Ammonia and Other Inorganic Pollutants
- 6.6.3 Asbestos in Water
6.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication
6.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity
6.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants
6.10 Organic Pollutants
- 6.10.1 Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutants
- 6.10.2 Sewage
- 6.10.3 Soaps, Detergents, and Detergent Builders
  - 6.10.3.1 Soaps
  - 6.10.3.2 Detergents
  - 6.10.3.3 Microbial Toxins
6.11 Pesticides in Water
- 6.11.1 Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids
- 6.11.2 The Emergence of Neonicotinoid Insecticides
- 6.11.3 DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides
- 6.11.4 Organophosphate Insecticides
- 6.11.5 Carbamates
- 6.11.6 Fungicides
- 6.11.7 Herbicides
- 6.11.8 Bipyridylium Compounds
- 6.11.9 Herbicidal Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds
- 6.11.10 Chlorophenoxy Herbicides
- 6.11.11 Miscellaneous Herbicides
6.12 Organochlorine Compounds in Water
- 6.12.1 By-Products of Pesticide Manufacture
- 6.12.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
- 6.12.3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in Groundwater
- 6.12.4 Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds
6.13 Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes
- 6.13.1 Bactericides and Antibiotics
- 6.13.2 Estrogenic Substances in Wastewater Effluents
- 6.13.3 Biorefractory Organic Pollutants
6.14 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 7 World Water Crisis and Climate Change: Water Renovation and Recycling

7.1 The Most Important Body of Water—You
7.2 Water Treatment and Water Use
7.3 Municipal Water Treatment
- 7.3.1 Failures in Water Treatment
7.4 Treatment of Water for Industrial and Commercial Use
7.5 Wastewater Treatment
- 7.5.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
7.6 Advanced Water Treatment
7.7 Aeration of Water
7.8 Removal of Solids
- 7.8.1 Dissolved Air Flotation
- 7.8.2 Membrane Filtration Processes
7.9 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals
- 7.9.1 Removal of Iron and Manganese
- 7.9.2 Removal of Heavy Metals from Water
7.10 Removal of Biodegradable Organics from Water and Sewage Treatment
- 7.10.1 Biodegradable Organics Removal from Wastewater
- 7.10.2 Membrane Bioreactor
- 7.10.3 Sludge Handling and Disposal
- 7.10.4 Chemical Sludges
- 7.10.5 Additional Purification of Water from Secondary Wastewater Treatment
7.11 Removal of Dissolved Organics
- 7.11.1 Removal of Herbicides
7.12 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics
- 7.12.1 Ion Exchange
- 7.12.2 Reverse Osmosis
- 7.12.3 Phosphorus Removal
- 7.12.4 Nitrogen Removal
7.13 Water Disinfection
- 7.13.1 Chlorine Dioxide
- 7.13.2 Green Ozone for Water Disinfection
- 7.13.3 Ferrate and Percarbonate
- 7.13.4 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Radiation and Photocatalytic Processes
7.14 Natural Water Purification Processes
- 7.14.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil
7.15 Green Water and Total Water Recycle
7.16 Water Conservation
7.17 Protecting Water Supplies from Attack
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 8 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry

8.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry
- 8.1.1 Atmospheric Composition
- 8.1.2 Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur
- 8.1.3 Atmospheric Methane, Hydrocarbons, and Photochemical Smog
- 8.1.4 Particulate Matter
- 8.1.5 Primary and Secondary Pollutants
8.2 How the Atmosphere Got That Way and Its Natural Capital
- 8.2.1 Chemical and Biochemical Processes in Evolution of the Atmosphere
- 8.2.2 Self-Purification of the Atmosphere
8.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere
- 8.3.1 Variation of Pressure and Density with Altitude
- 8.3.2 Stratification of the Atmosphere
8.4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
- 8.4.1 Earth’s Radiation Budget
8.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather
- 8.5.1 Atmospheric Water in Energy and Mass Transfer
- 8.5.2 Air Masses
- 8.5.3 Topographical Effects
- 8.5.4 Movement of Air Masses
- 8.5.5 Global Weather
- 8.5.6 Weather Fronts and Storms
8.6 Inversions and Air Pollution
8.7 Global Climate and Microclimate
- 8.7.1 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Human Modifications of Climate
- 8.7.2 Microclimate
- 8.7.3 Effects of Urbanization on Microclimate
8.8 Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
- 8.8.1 Photochemical Processes
- 8.8.2 Ions and Radicals in the Atmosphere
- 8.8.3 Ions at Lower Altitudes in the Troposphere
- 8.8.4 Free Radicals
- 8.8.5 Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals in the Atmosphere
8.9 Acid–Base Reactions in the Atmosphere
8.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen
- 8.10.1 Tropospheric Ozone in the Unpolluted Atmosphere
8.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen
8.12 Atmospheric Water
8.13 Influence of the Anthrosphere
8.14 Chemical Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 9 Particles in the Atmosphere

9.1 Particles in the Atmosphere
9.2 Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere
- 9.2.1 Size and Settling of Atmospheric Particles
9.3 Physical Processes for Particle Formation
9.4 Chemical Processes for Particle Formation
- 9.4.1 Inorganic Particles
- 9.4.2 Organic Particles
9.5 The Composition of Inorganic Particles
- 9.5.1 Fly Ash
- 9.5.2 Asbestos
9.6 Toxic Metals in the Atmosphere
- 9.6.1 Atmospheric Mercury
- 9.6.2 Atmospheric Lead
- 9.6.3 Atmospheric Beryllium
9.7 Radioactive Particles
9.8 Organic Particles in the Atmosphere
- 9.8.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- 9.8.2 Carbonaceous Particles from Diesel Engines
9.9 Effects of Particles
- 9.9.1 The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Health Effects
- 9.9.2 Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Substances between Air and Particles
9.10 Water as Particulate Matter
9.11 Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles
9.12 Control of Particle Emissions
- 9.12.1 Particle Removal by Sedimentation and Inertia
- 9.12.2 Particle Filtration
- 9.12.3 Scrubbers
- 9.12.4 Electrostatic Removal
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 10 Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants

10.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases
10.2 Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide
- 10.2.1 Control of Carbon Monoxide Emissions
10.3 Fate of Atmospheric CO
10.4 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle
10.5 Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere
- 10.5.1 Effects of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide
- 10.5.2 Sulfur Dioxide Removal
- 10.5.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion for Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide Recovery
10.6 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere
- 10.6.1 Atmospheric Reactions of NOx
- 10.6.2 Harmful Effects of Nitrogen Oxides
- 10.6.3 Control of Nitrogen Oxides
- 10.6.4 Limiting Production of Nitrogen Oxides
- 10.6.5 Removal of Nitrogen Oxides from Stack Gas
10.7 Acid Rain
10.8 Ammonia in the Atmosphere
10.9 Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds
- 10.9.1 Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride
- 10.9.2 Hydrogen Chloride in the Atmosphere
10.10 Reduced Sulfur Gases
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 11 Organic Air Pollutants

11.1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
- 11.1.1 Loss of Organic Substances from the Atmosphere
- 11.1.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants
- 11.1.3 Global Distillation and Fractionation of POPs
11.2 Biogenic Organic Compounds
- 11.2.1 Biogenic Methane
- 11.2.2 Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Plants
- 11.2.3 Removal of Atmospheric Organic Compounds by Plants
11.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons
- 11.3.1 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- 11.3.2 Reactions of Atmospheric Aromatic Hydrocarbons
11.4 Carbonyl Compounds
11.5 Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds
- 11.5.1 Alcohols
- 11.5.2 Phenols
- 11.5.3 Ethers
- 11.5.4 Oxides
- 11.5.5 Carboxylic Acids
11.6 Organonitrogen Compounds
11.7 Organohalide Compounds
- 11.7.1 CFCs and Halons
- 11.7.2 Atmospheric Reactions of Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
- 11.7.3 Perfluorocarbons
- 11.7.4 Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans
11.8 Organosulfur Compounds
11.9 Organic Particulate Matter
11.10 Hazardous Air Pollutant Organic Compounds
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 12 Photochemical Smog

12.1 Reduced Visibility When the Sun Shines
12.2 Smog-Forming Emissions
- 12.2.1 Control of Exhaust Hydrocarbons
- 12.2.2 Automotive Emission Standards
- 12.2.3 Polluting Green Plants
12.3 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
- 12.3.1 Photochemical Reactions of Methane
- 12.3.2 Addition Reactions in the Atmosphere
12.4 Overview of Smog Formation
12.5 Mechanisms of Smog Formation
- 12.5.1 Nitrate Radical
- 12.5.2 Photolyzable Compounds in the Atmosphere
12.6 Reactivity of Hydrocarbons
12.7 Importance of HOx/VOC Ratios
12.8 Inorganic Products from Smog
12.9 Effects of Smog
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 13 The Endangered Global Atmosphere

13.1 Saving the Atmosphere to Save Ourselves
- 13.1.1 Preservation of the Atmosphere’s Natural Capital
13.2 Earth’s Evolving Atmosphere and Climate Change
- 13.2.1 Changes in Climate
13.3 Effects of the Anthrosphere on the Atmosphere and Climate
13.4 The Greatest Threat to the Atmosphere and Earth System: Global Warming
- 13.4.1 Methane and Other Greenhouse Gases
- 13.4.2 Particles and Global Warming
13.5 Consequences of Global Climate Change
- 13.5.1 Increasing Temperature
- 13.5.2 Passing the Tipping Points
- 13.5.3 Loss of Ice Cover
- 13.5.4 Glaciers and Water Supply
- 13.5.5 Expansion of Subtropical Arid Regions and Drought
- 13.5.6 Some Other Effects of Global Climate Change
13.6 Green Science and Technology to Alleviate Global Warming
- 13.6.1 Minimization
- 13.6.2 Counteracting Measures
- 13.6.3 Adaptation
13.7 Acid Rain
13.8 Stratospheric Ozone Destruction
- 13.8.1 Shielding Effect of the Ozone Layer
- 13.8.2 Ozone Layer Destruction
- 13.8.3 Green Chemistry Solutions to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
13.9 Atmospheric Brown Clouds
- 13.9.1 Yellow Dust
13.10 Atmospheric Damage by Photochemical Smog
13.11 The Urban Aerosol
13.12 Nuclear Winter
- 13.12.1 “Doomsday Visitors” from Space
13.13 What Is to Be Done?
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 14 The Geosphere and Geochemistry

14.1 The Geosphere
- 14.1.1 The Fragile Solid Earth and Its Relationship with the Other
Environmental Spheres
14.2 Physical Form of the Geosphere
- 14.2.1 Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift
- 14.2.2 Structural Geology
14.3 The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere
- 14.3.1 Structure and Properties of Minerals
- 14.3.2 Kinds of Minerals
- 14.3.3 Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rock in the Rock Cycle
- 14.3.4 Rock Cycle
14.4 Geochemistry and Weathering of Rock in the Geosphere
- 14.4.1 Physical Aspects of Weathering
- 14.4.2 Chemical Weathering
- 14.4.3 Biological Aspects of Weathering
14.5 Clays: Especially Important Weathering Products and Secondary Minerals
14.6 Sediments
14.7 Groundwater in the Geosphere
- 14.7.1 Water Wells
- 14.7.2 Water Wells and the Arsenic Problem
14.8 The Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital
14.9 Environmental Phenomena of the Geosphere
- 14.9.1 Natural Hazards
- 14.9.2 Anthropogenic Hazards
14.10 Volcanoes
14.11 Earthquakes
14.12 Surface Earth Movement
14.13 Effects of Human Activities
- 14.13.1 Extraction of Geospheric Resources: Surface Mining
- 14.13.2 Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction
14.14 Air Pollution and the Geosphere
14.15 Water Pollution and the Geosphere
14.16 The Geosphere as a Waste Repository
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 15 Soil: Earth’s Lifeline

15.1 Have You Thanked a Clod Today?
- 15.1.1 What Is Soil?
- 15.1.2 Agriculture and Soil
15.2 Structure of Soil
15.3 Composition of Soil
- 15.3.1 Water in Soil
- 15.3.2 The Soil Solution
- 15.3.3 Air in Soil
- 15.3.4 Inorganic Solids in Soil
- 15.3.5 Soil Organic Matter
15.4 Acid–Base and Ion-Exchange Reactions in Soil
- 15.4.1 Acid–Base Reactions of Soil
- 15.4.2 Adjustment of Soil Acidity
- 15.4.3 Ion-Exchange Equilibria in Soil
15.5 Macronutrients in Soil
- 15.5.1 Sulfur in Soil and as a Macronutrient
15.6 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil
- 15.6.1 Nitrogen
- 15.6.2 Phosphorus
- 15.6.3 Potassium
15.7 Micronutrients in Soil
15.8 Fertilizers
- 15.8.1 Fertilizer Pollution
15.9 Pesticides and Their Residues in Soil
- 15.9.1 Soil Fumigants
15.10 Wastes and Pollutants and Their Degradation on Soil
- 15.10.1 Soil Pollutants from Livestock Production
- 15.10.2 Biodegradation and the Rhizosphere
15.11 Soil Loss and Degradation
- 15.11.1 Soil Sustainability and Water Resources
15.12 Saving the Land
- 15.12.1 Agroforestry
- 15.12.2 Soil Restoration
- 15.12.3 Poduculture in Soil Restoration
15.13 Green Chemistry and Sustainable Agriculture
15.14 Genetics and Agriculture
- 15.14.1 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
- 15.14.2 The Major Transgenic Crops and Their Characteristics
- 15.14.3 Crops versus Pests
- 15.14.4 Future Crops
15.15 Agriculture and Health
- 15.15.1 Food Contamination
15.16 Protecting the Food Supply from Attack
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 16 The Anthrosphere: Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry

16.1 Changing the Bad Old Ways
16.2 Green Chemistry
16.3 Reduction of Risk: Hazard and Exposure
- 16.3.1 The Risks of Not Taking Risks
16.4 Waste Prevention and Green Chemistry
16.5 Green Chemistry and Synthetic Chemistry
- 16.5.1 Yield and Atom Economy
16.6 Feedstocks
- 16.6.1 Biological Feedstocks
16.7 Reagents
16.8 Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reagents
16.9 Media and Solvents
- 16.9.1 Water, the Greenest Solvent
- 16.9.2 Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent
- 16.9.3 Gas-Expanded Solvents
16.10 Enhancing Reactions
16.11 Industrial Ecology
16.12 The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem
16.13 Industrial Metabolism
16.14 The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem
16.15 Attributes of Successful Industrial Ecosystems
- 16.15.1 Diversity
16.16 Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology
16.17 Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop
- 16.17.1 Product Stewardship
- 16.17.2 Embedded Utility
16.18 Design for Environment
- 16.18.1 Products, Processes, and Facilities
- 16.18.2 Key Factors in Design for Environment
- 16.18.3 Hazardous Materials in Design for Environment
16.19 Inherent Safety
- 16.19.1 Increased Safety with Smaller Size
16.20 Industrial Ecology and Ecological Engineering
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 17 Resources and Sustainable Materials

17.1 Where to Get the Stuff We Need?
17.2 Extraction of Materials from the Geosphere
17.3 Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction
17.4 Sustainable Utilization of Geospheric Mineral Resources
- 17.4.1 Metals
17.5 Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology
- 17.5.1 Aluminum
- 17.5.2 Chromium
- 17.5.3 Copper
- 17.5.4 Cobalt
- 17.5.5 Lead
- 17.5.6 Lithium
- 17.5.7 Zinc
- 17.5.8 Rare Earths
17.6 Nonmetal Mineral Resources
17.7 Phosphates
17.8 Sulfur
- 17.8.1 Gypsum
17.9 Wood: An Abundant Renewable Resource
17.10 Extending Resources with Industrial Ecology
- 17.10.1 Metals
- 17.10.2 Plastics and Rubber
- 17.10.3 Lubricating Oil
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 18 Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything

18.1 The Energy Problem
18.2 Nature of Energy
18.3 Sustainable Energy: Away from the Sun and Back Again
- 18.3.1 The Brief Era of Fossil Fuels
- 18.3.2 Back to the Sun
18.4 Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere: Present and Future
18.5 Energy Devices and Conversions
- 18.5.1 Fuel Cells
18.6 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources
- 18.6.1 Renewable Energy
18.7 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas Liquids
- 18.7.1 Heavy Oil
- 18.7.2 Shale Oil
- 18.7.3 Natural Gas Liquids
18.8 Natural Gas
18.9 Coal
- 18.9.1 Coal Conversion
18.10 Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization
18.11 The Great Plains Synfuels Plant: Industrial Ecology in Practice to Produce Energy and Chemicals
18.12 Nuclear Energy
- 18.12.1 Thorium-Fueled Reactors
- 18.12.2 Nuclear Fusion
18.13 Geothermal Energy
18.14 The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source
- 18.14.1 Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
- 18.14.2 Artificial Photosynthesis for Capturing Solar Energy
18.15 Energy from Earth’s Two Great Fluids in Motion
- 18.15.1 The Success of Wind Power
- 18.15.2 Energy from Moving Water
- 18.15.3 Energy from Moving Water without Dams
18.16 Biomass Energy: An Overview of Biofuels and Their Resources
- 18.16.1 Processing of Biofuel to More Compact Forms
- 18.16.2 Decarbonization with Biomass Utilization
- 18.16.3 Conversion of Biomass to Other Fuels
- 18.16.4 Ethanol Fuel
- 18.16.5 Biodiesel Fuel
- 18.16.6 Fuel from Algae
- 18.16.7 The Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels
- 18.16.8 Chemical Conversion of Biomass to Synthetic Fuels
- 18.16.9 Biogas
- 18.16.10 Biorefineries and Utilizing Biomass for Energy
- 18.16.11 A System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production from Renewable Sources
18.17 Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy
18.18 Combined Power Cycles
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 19 The Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes

19.1 Introduction
- 19.1.1 History of Hazardous Substances
- 19.1.2 Legislation
19.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes
- 19.2.1 Characteristics and Listed Wastes
- 19.2.2 Hazardous Wastes
- 19.2.3 Hazardous Wastes and Air and Water Pollution Control
19.3 Sources of Wastes
- 19.3.1 Types of Hazardous Wastes
- 19.3.2 Hazardous Waste Generators
19.4 Flammable and Combustible Substances
- 19.4.1 Combustion of Finely Divided Particles
- 19.4.2 Oxidizers
- 19.4.3 Spontaneous Ignition
- 19.4.4 Toxic Products of Combustion
19.5 Reactive Substances
- 19.5.1 Chemical Structure and Reactivity
19.6 Corrosive Substances
- 19.6.1 Sulfuric Acid
19.7 Toxic Substances
- 19.7.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
19.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes
19.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
19.10 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes
19.11 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes
- 19.11.1 Physical Properties of Wastes
- 19.11.2 Chemical Factors
- 19.11.3 Effects of Hazardous Wastes
- 19.11.4 Fates of Hazardous Wastes
19.12 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere
19.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere
19.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere
19.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere
19.16 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere
- 19.16.1 Microbial Metabolism in Waste Degradation
- 19.16.2 Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Wastes
19.17 Hazardous Substances in Terrorism
- 19.17.1 Detection of Hazardous Substances
- 19.17.2 Removing Hazardous Agents
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 20 Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment

20.1 Introduction
20.2 Waste Reduction and Minimization
20.3 Recycling
- 20.3.1 Examples of Recycling
- 20.3.2 Waste Oil Utilization and Recovery
- 20.3.3 Waste Oil Fuel
- 20.3.4 Waste Solvent Recovery and Recycle
- 20.3.5 Recovery of Water from Wastewater
20.4 Physical Methods of Waste Treatment
- 20.4.1 Methods of Physical Treatment
- 20.4.2 Phase Separations
- 20.4.3 Phase Transition
- 20.4.4 Phase Transfer
- 20.4.5 Molecular Separation
20.5 Chemical Treatment: An Overview
- 20.5.1 Acid/Base Neutralization
- 20.5.2 Chemical Precipitation
- 20.5.3 Coprecipitation of Metals
- 20.5.4 Oxidation/Reduction
- 20.5.5 Electrolysis
- 20.5.6 Hydrolysis
- 20.5.7 Chemical Extraction and Leaching
- 20.5.8 Ion Exchange
20.6 Green Waste Treatment by Photolysis and Sonolysis
20.7 Thermal Treatment Methods
- 20.7.1 Incineration Systems
- 20.7.2 Wet Air Oxidation
- 20.7.3 UV-Enhanced Wet Oxidation
- 20.7.4 Destruction of Hazardous Wastes in Cement Manufacture
20.8 Biodegradation of Wastes
20.9 Phytoremediation
20.10 Land Treatment and Composting
- 20.10.1 Land Treatment
- 20.10.2 Composting
20.11 Preparation of Wastes for Disposal
20.12 Ultimate Disposal of Wastes
- 20.12.1 Disposal Aboveground
- 20.12.2 Landfill
- 20.12.3 Surface Impoundment of Liquids
- 20.12.4 Deep-Well Disposal of Liquids
20.13 Leachate and Gas Emissions
20.14 In Situ Treatment
- 20.14.1 In Situ Thermal Processes
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 21 The Biosphere: Environmental Biochemistry

21.1 Life and the Biosphere
- 21.1.1 The Biosphere in Stabilizing the Earth System: The Gaia Hypothesis
21.2 Metabolism and Control in Organisms
- 21.2.1 Enzymes in Metabolism
- 21.2.2 Nutrients
- 21.2.3 Control in Organisms
21.3 Reproduction and Inherited Traits
21.4 Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere
21.5 Biochemistry
- 21.5.1 Biomolecules
21.6 Biochemistry and the Cell
- 21.6.1 Major Cell Features
21.7 Proteins
- 21.7.1 Protein Structure
- 21.7.2 Denaturation of Proteins
21.8 Carbohydrates
21.9 Lipids
21.10 Enzymes
21.11 Nucleic Acids
- 21.11.1 Nucleic Acids in Protein Synthesis
- 21.11.2 Modified DNA
21.12 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
21.13 Metabolic Processes
- 21.13.1 Energy-Yielding Processes
21.14 Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds
- 21.14.1 Phase I and Phase II Reactions
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 22 Toxicological Chemistry

22.1 Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry
- 22.1.1 Toxicology
- 22.1.2 Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism
22.2 Dose–Response Relationships
22.3 Relative Toxicities
- 22.3.1 Nonlethal Effects
22.4 Reversibility and Sensitivity
- 22.4.1 Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity
22.5 Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances
22.6 Toxicological Chemistry
- 22.6.1 Toxicants in the Body
- 22.6.2 Phase I Reactions
- 22.6.3 Phase II Reactions
22.7 Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase
- 22.7.1 Kinetic Phase
- 22.7.2 Dynamic Phase
- 22.7.3 Primary Reaction in the Dynamic Phase
- 22.7.4 Biochemical Effects in the Dynamic Phase
- 22.7.5 Responses to Toxicants
22.8 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects on the Immune and Reproductive Systems
- 22.8.1 Teratogenesis
- 22.8.2 Mutagenesis
- 22.8.3 Biochemistry of Mutagenesis
- 22.8.4 Carcinogenesis
- 22.8.5 Biochemistry of Carcinogenesis
- 22.8.6 Alkylating Agents in Carcinogenesis
- 22.8.7 Testing for Carcinogens
- 22.8.8 Bruce Ames Test
- 22.8.9 Immune System Response
- 22.8.10 Endocrine Disruption
22.9 Health Hazards
- 22.9.1 Assessment of Potential Exposure
- 22.9.2 Epidemiological Evidence
- 22.9.3 Estimation of Health Effects Risks
- 22.9.4 Risk Assessment
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Chapter 23 Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances

Chapter 24 Chemical Analysis in Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry

24.1 Analytical Chemistry
24.2 The Chemical Analysis Process
24.3 Major Categories of Chemical Analysis
24.4 Error and Treatment of Data
24.5 Gravimetric and Volumetric Analyses
24.6 Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis
- 24.6.1 Absorption Spectrophotometry
- 24.6.2 Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses
- 24.6.3 Atomic Emission Techniques
24.7 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
24.8 Chromatography
- 24.8.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
- 24.8.2 Ion Chromatography
24.9 Methods for Water Analysis
24.10 Mass Spectrometry
24.11 Automated Analyses
24.12 Immunoassay Screening
24.13 Total Organic Carbon in Water
24.14 Measurement of Radioactivity in Water
24.15 Analysis of Wastes and Solids
- 24.15.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
24.16 Atmospheric Monitoring
- 24.16.1 Methods for Sampling and Analyzing Atmospheric Pollutants
- 24.16.2 Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide by Infrared Absorption
- 24.16.3 Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics in the Atmosphere
- 24.16.4 Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants
24.17 Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics
- 24.17.1 Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics
- 24.17.2 Immunological Methods of Xenobiotics Analysis
References
Further Reading
Questions and Problems

Index

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